What Is The Definition Of Inventory - 902 Words

CE9-1 A) What is the definition of inventory? â€Å"The aggregate of those items of tangible personal property that have any of the following characteristics: †¢ a. Held for sale in the ordinary course of business †¢ b. In process of production for such sale †¢ c. To be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be available for sale. The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified. The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. Raw materials and supplies purchased for production may be used or consumed for the construction of long-term assets or other purposes not related to production, but the fact that inventory items representing a small portion of the total may not be absorbed ultimately in the production process does not require separate classification. By trade practice, operating materials and supplies of certain types of entit ies such as oil producers are usually treated as inventory.† B) What is the definition of market as it relates to inventory? â€Å"As used in the phraseShow MoreRelatedEssay about Accounting Project: Current Ratio883 Words   |  4 Pagescompute the industry average, please do so. What is the name of the business you are reporting on?Hershey Company | A popular analysis technique is a trend analysis (also known as Horizontal Analysis), in which you analyze the change over time of specific financial data. This is shown on page 694 of your textbook. Refer to your income statement, prepare a trend analysis of Sales and of Net Income (or Net Loss) for all the years reported. Also, state what page in your annual report has your incomeRead MoreThroughput Is A Efficient Measure Of Productivity1232 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional definition of throughput as the time it takes for a product to enter the manufacturing process and leave as a finished good. I find Goldratt’s definition to be a more efficient measure of productivity. With the traditional definition of throughput it is merely measuring the time it takes for a product to be produced from start to finish. However, this does not take into account whether or not the finished products are being sold or sitting on a shelf. This is why Goldratt’s definition of throu ghputRead MoreWorking Capital Concept And Definitions Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept and definitions According to, the first formation of the concept of working capital was possibly first established by Karl Marx (Bhattacharya 2006). Working capital was defined as current assets minus current liabilities. In general, this definition is also identified as â€Å"networking capital†. are sometimes Current assets called as gross working capital. The current assets can be divided into four main elements: (1) cash (2) marketable securities (3) accounts receivable and (4) inventory on theRead MoreEssay on Inventory Managment1206 Words   |  5 PagesInventory itself is a list of products that a company has available for sale to customers. So what is Inventory Management? By definition according to BusinessDictionary.com, â€Å"Inventory Management is policies, procedures, and techniques employed in maintaining the optimum number or amount of each inventory item†. There are many other definitions such as â€Å"a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check†Read MoreWhy Adidas And Nike Is The Best Choice For Me1643 Words   |  7 Pagesratios I have chosen for my financial analysis of my companies and explain this different ratios. 1) Which ratio and why? For my financial analysis, I have chosen 5 different ratios to compare Adidas and Nike: ROA (return on assets), current ratio, inventory turnover, PE ratio (price-earnings) and debt-to-equity ratio. I have chosen those 5 ratios because I could be able to investigate every financial side of the different companies. Comparing those ratio will help to choose in which company I shouldRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains1476 Words   |  6 Pages1.3 Supply Chain Supply chains encompass the companies and the business activities needed to design, make, deliver, and use a product or service. Businesses depend on their supply chains to provide them with what they need to survive and thrive. Every business fits into one or more supply chains and has a role to play in each of them. The pace of change and the uncertainty about how markets will evolve has made it increasingly important for companies to be aware of the supply chains they participateRead MoreThe Goal By Eliyahu M. Veldt1180 Words   |  5 Pagessimultaneously increasing cash flow†. The measures, as outlined by Jonah, of this overarching goal were; Throughput, Inventory and Operational Expense. Throughput refers to the rate at which the system generates cash from sales, Inventory is defined as the total money invested in purchasing things intended to sell, whereas Operational Expense is the cost associated with turning inventory into throughput. These measurements as defined in the Goal differ in characteristics from how they traditionally areRead MoreCapital Expenditure And Revenue Expenditure1608 Words   |  7 Pagesadhere to and comply with the rules and regulations set out by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). As such, the report is limited to discussing the various expenditures covered by accounting standards. Furthermore, the report identifies what items can be recorded in accounts as assets in terms with the relevant accounting standards. 2 CAPITAL VS REVENUE EXPENDITURE The distinction between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure is vital for preparers of financial statements as onlyRead MoreIntermediate 1 Research Paper951 Words   |  4 PagesGAAP? The FASC did not change prior GAAP but it instead reorganized previous GAAP into a new structure. This new structure is organized into a new research database that is supposed to be user friendly and make finding certain GAAP easier to use. c. What does the FASB expect from the new FASC structure and system? The FASB has high expectations from the new FASC system including reducing the amount of time and effort that is used to solve an accounting research issue. The FASC also expects the CodificationRead Moreweek 3 db smitheford1158 Words   |  5 Pagesto reduce their inventory cost. But in order to reduce inventory a plan needs to be implemented. Inventory reduction cannot be done in a bubble. There are various variables that will need to be considered when executing this task. For a company the size of Smitheford Pharmaceutical inventory cost can be a large portion of the inventory value on hand. Inventory cost also known as ordering cost or carrying cost can be defined as the cost a company obtain to tore and maintain inventory over a certain

Essay about The Call of the Wild Versus Into the Wild

Chris McCandless and Buck serve as examples of the archetype of the wild through their experiences of leaving where they feel most comfortable and answering the call of the wild. They show that each experience is inimitable because the wild is unique to every individual. For Buck, the wild is a place outside of civilization and his dependence on man, where the external threats of nature exist and he must prove himself as a true animal with instincts for survival. In McCandless case, the place outside of civilization is actually an escape from his fears because the wild for him is in relationships, where the threat of intimacy exists and he must learn to trust others for happiness. This is because for each of us, the wild is what we†¦show more content†¦The feelings shared between them were often based on inexplicable natural impulses, characteristic of the relationship between man and beast. He went wild with happiness when Thornton touched him or spoke to him....the str ength of Bucks gaze would draw John Thorntons head around, and he would return the gaze, without speech, his heart shining out of his eyes as Bucks heart shone out (London 75). The connection that the two share is very important in Bucks transformation because it is the last thing he must surrender to complete his transformation and answer the call of the wild. John Thornton, who is unafraid of the wild, is the last thing Buck has that protects him from the hostile environment where only the strong survive (London 86). After Thornton nurses Buck back to life from his brush with starvation, Buck slowly realizes that he is ready to face the wild, where he would find his true self, not as a pet or a sled dog, and most importantly as an animal without a master. It becomes apparent that, Faithfulness and devotion, things born of fire and roof, were his; yet he retained his wildness and wiliness. He was a thing of the wild, come in from the wild to sit by John Thorntons fire, rather than a dog of soft Southland stamped with the marks of generations of civilization (London 76). Buck used Thorntons love as an escape from the wild, and depended on the comfort Thornton provided as a safeShow MoreRelatedCreation : God Vs. Nature1191 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion the explanation of God for why humans, plants, and animals exist the way they do. The work of Darwin and Wallace introduced the idea of the evolutionary theory, which changed the boundaries between humans and nature by driving people to call into question one of the fundamental ideas of the divine creation myth as written in the Bible: that humans were created by God separately from animals. Darwin and Wallace s theory of evolution broke down this boundary between human exceptionalismRead MoreWhat Are Capuchin Monkeys Are Well Known For Their Brains1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe wild. From their unique fur colorization, their fur is white from head to shoulders while from the shoulders down there color is black. The locomotion that they use to maneuver swinging from tree to tree is by using all four li mbs and for a short period of time they can walk on two legs. Capuchin monkeys are uniquely different and surprisingly very knowledgeable at what they do in order to be able to maintain their survival based on learned and experimental behaviors. Tool Use among Wild Capuchins:Read MoreJack London : An Oyster Pirate1204 Words   |  5 Pagesshared include: his life, evolution, brutality of society, socialism, and adjustment of man against elemental ways of life (Jack London Themes and Messages) 2. Many of his works were based off experiences London had in his lifetime, such as â€Å"Call of the Wild.† London was a serious believer of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the theory of survival of the fittest can be found in everything he wrote. London was also a follower of Karl Marx and his beliefs; many of these views can be seen inRead MoreEssay about Personal Narrative - My Mother, the Hippie775 Words   |  4 Pagescontact with nature that occurs (i.e., mucking around and seeing alligators in the wild). As my mother lives in Alaska, she has only been to Miami to visit me once since I moved here, and unfortunately it was within the first few months that I lived here, so I was unable to adequately provid e her with answers to her inquiries of the local plant and animal life. But now, even after only one day of class, I feel the need to call my mom and tell her all about the plants and animals I saw, and which are nativeRead MoreThe Wolf: Homo Homini Lupus811 Words   |  3 Pagesaddresses the idea that Europeans may be the savages. He says,† It is no lie to say that these men are indeed savages- by our standards; for either they must be or we must be: there is an amazing gulf between their souls and ours†(239). Montaigne calls the cannibals savages, implying that their practice and society are not comparable to those that he is acquainted with. This quotation helps to exemplify that the perception of a culture as barbaric or animal-like is dependent on the individual’s perspectiveRead MoreEssay on A Study Of Inheritable Traits In Fruit Flies1554 Words   |  7 Pages We collected the data from the crosses and analyzed them in relation to the expected results. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the monohybrid cross in this experiment, we used an F1 generation, which resulted from the mating of a male homozygous wild-type eyed fly with a female homozygous sepia eyed fly. Males and females are distinguished by differences in body shape and size. Males have a darker and rounder abdomen in comparison to females, which are more pointed. Another difference occursRead MoreA Study of Inheritable Traits in Fruit Flies1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe next. We collected the data from the crosses and analyzed them in relation to the expected results. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the monohybrid cross in this experiment, we used an F1 generation, which resulted from the mating of a male homozygous wild-type eyed fly with a female homozygous sepia eyed fly. Males and females are distinguished by differences in body shape and size. Males have a darker and rounder abdomen in comparison to females, which are more pointed. Another difference occursRead MoreWhy Humans Develop Their Psychological Attributes Based On Genetics ( Nature ) Or Their Environment1085 Words   |  5 Pagesferal child was raised by wild animals such as Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron it is inevitable for the child s nurture to be superior to that of its nature(The development of children, 7th edition, Lightfoot, and Cole).Feral children are considered a debate between nature and nurture because the child recovered from the wild, mimics the environment and the characteristics of the wild animal that raised the child while applying the wisdom it gained surviving in the wild, lacking social intelligenceRead MoreResearch Paper On Trading Volume1034 Words   |  5 Pagesmore capitalization and better fundamentals overall (but not always!). The majority of the penny stocks do not trade on the big exchanges. Instead, they trade in what I like to call Wild West of the stock market. The Wild West consists of the bulletin boards (OTCBB) and the pink sheets. While the OTCBB is part of the WIld West, it is a tamer portion. Most people dont realize but the OTCBB is actually owned by the NASDEQ and they do have rules and requirements for listing. Where you get the mostRead More Henrik Ibsen Essay2054 Words   |  9 Pages In the plays Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, and Wild ducks by Henrik Ibsen there are many similar themes, which become evident to the reader. A theme, which is consistant though out these plays, is the opposing values of the Ideal and the Real. The views of the idealist versus the realists make for many duels between the two personalities. The theme of idealism versus realism is also dealt with in the play The Wild Duck. Gregers Werle has avoided his father, whom he detests, by spending fifteen

Advanced English Tense Review (ESL, EFL, TESL, TOEFL)

Its back-to-school time. Before you or your students get down to studying the specifics of various grammar structures, it is a good idea to review the basic English tenses. If you are an advanced student, a review will help remind you of the tenses and also point out any weaknesses or insecurity that you may have. If you are an upper-level student but not yet aware of all the tenses, these exercises will make a good introduction to some of the important structures ahead. For an overview of conjugation in detail of all 12 tenses in English, use the tense tables for reference. Teachers can use theses guides on how to teach tenses for further activities and lesson plans in class The following exercises serve two purposes: Re-familiarization of standard tense names Tense conjugation practice The first exercise is very important as you may not remember exactly the names of the various tenses. This exercise will help you remember the names of the tenses. Once you have finished the first exercise, read the text through one more time to familiarize yourself with it completely. Go on to the next exercise that asks you to conjugate the verbs in the extract. You should be very familiar with the extract so you can concentrate on the correct conjugation. Notice how the tenses relate to each other in time. Remember that many verbs are conjugated based on how they relate to one another. Teachers can use these exercises in class by using the following lesson plan which includes the exercises in a format useful for the classroom. Tense Review Lesson Plan and Materials Here is the original text. Once you have finished, click on the exercise link to begin exercise one. John has always traveled a lot. In fact, he was only two years old when he first flew to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents had met in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while Johns father was reading a book in the library and his mother sat down beside him. Anyway, John travels a lot because his parents also travel a lot. As a matter of fact, John is visiting his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but has been visiting his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he has flown over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. Hes pretty sure that hell be working for them next year as well. His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, hell have traveled over 120,000 miles! His next journey will be to Australia. He really doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he is going to fly from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. Hell have been sitting for over 18 hours by the time he arrives! John was talking with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson Co. had decided to merge with a company in Australia. The two companies had been negotiating for the past month, so it really wasnt much of a surprise. Of course, this means that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow. Follow the links to begin the exercise: Exercise One: Tense Identification Exercise Two: Tense Conjugation

Friedman vs Freeman - 1925 Words

This paper will have a detailed discussion on the shareholder theory of Milton Friedman and the stakeholder theory of Edward Freeman. Friedman argued that â€Å"neo-classical economic theory suggests that the purpose of the organisations is to make profits in their accountability to themselves and their shareholders and that only by doing so can business contribute to wealth for itself and society at large†. On the other hand, the theory of stakeholder suggests that the managers of an organisation do not only have the duty towards the firm’s shareholders; rather towards the individuals and constituencies who contribute to the company’s wealth, capacity and activities. These individuals or constituencies can be the shareholders, employees,†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the model of stakeholder by Edward Freeman has broadly considered as the strongest theory regarding responsibilities of a company towards society where the company is located (Freeman 2008 pp. 162-165). Nevertheless, Friedman pointed out that the profits has taken the firms in to the hand of business intellectuals by which Friedman recommend that the financial system by which the organisation run its business is in the restricted responsibility protection which makes the organisations to privatise their profits (Friedman 1970 pp. 177-184). Friedman also suggested that according to him the shareholder theory in terms of socially responsible can only increase the profit. But on the other hand shareholder theory of Edward Freeman completely support the theory of shareholder towards its role to be socially responsible in the society and maximising the profits for the benefits of shareholders within the firms and society as well (Freeman 2008 pp. 162-165). According to Cosans (2009 pp. 391-399) with the taking of limited liability (restricted responsibility) Friedman must have taken the business in a way to be socially affiliated and well-established as well which also leads and supports the ethical and logical roots of CSR and for the re-establishment of the reliability toShow MoreRelatedFreeman vs. Friedman1866 Words   |  8 PagesFreeman vs. Friedman In their theories of how a business should operate, R. Edward Freeman and Milton Friedman hold virtually opposite beliefs as to what businesses’ responsibilities should be. In favor of the Stakeholder theory, Freeman believes that any person or organization that has a â€Å"stake† in the business should also play a role of participation in the business’s actions and decisions. In the other corner of the ring stands Milton Friedman, who holds the belief that said business is onlyRead MoreEssay on Friedman vs Freeman827 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Stakeholder† theory of management, two different views about the purpose and aims of a business. Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management says that the purpose of a business is to make money for the owner or the stockholders of the business. Friedman says that there is only one social responsibility for the business: to use its resources in order to increase its profits as long as the business stats within the rules that are assigned, as for example to compete in free competition and withoutRead MoreAssignment Sheet : An Assignment Cover Sheet1395 Words   |  6 Pagesanywhere around the world. It’s also known that a virtual setting is more favorable to an office setting. The virtual setting also benefits a company financially as they don’t have to spend money on physical locations and transportation. (Virtual Teams vs Traditional Teams., n.d.) There is also a sense of comfort for the employees as with a virtual setting. the employees are allowed to work from home and get away from the traditional office setting. The virtual setting is overall re warding as it setsRead MoreThe First Level Of The Pyramid1491 Words   |  6 PagesLimitations of the Pyramid Shareholders vs. Stakeholders Approach One of the key objectives of business has been to create profit for shareholders, but as CSR became more widespread it has been supported that companies have responsibility to stakeholders, which lead changes in many companies’ approach to conduct business. The two prevailing approaches are the shareholder and stakeholder approach, which are going to be examined below. Shareholder Approach In 1970 Friedman wrote the much-cited article inRead More Corporate Social Responsibility Essay2477 Words   |  10 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ?good society? (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility2536 Words   |  11 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ‘good society (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreManagerial Stakeholder Theory - Essay2991 Words   |  12 Pagesresponsibilities of the companies (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization.† Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are alsoRead MoreCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pagesshareholder method offers stronger protection for investors and shareholder democracy. [Solommon,2007] http://www.todayscience.org/JBM/article/jbm.v1i1p52.pdf http://leg.u-bourgogne.fr/wp/1041202.pdf http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-shareholders-vs-stakeholders-debate/ Corporate governance theories There are various types of corporate governance theories. For the purpose of this discussion several theories have been reviewed. Agency theory Corporate governance has reviewedRead MoreThe High Demand Of Internet2847 Words   |  12 Pagesby business which focus only on maximizing shareholder wealth. Friedman (1970) strongly argues about maximizing the financial return for shareholder. However stakeholder theory is theory that saying managers have a moral obligation to balance and consider the interests of all stakeholders, the individuals that the actions and results of an organization will being affected by or will give effect to are called as stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). Stakeholder theory actually showing that stakeholders areRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesa person’s life is valuable only inasmuch as it is a source of happiness. / You are not important to a utilitarian, only the happiness you experience is significant. John Locke-Second Treatise of Human Government Locke on Friedman: Locke does not believe Friedman is correct when he states the market is self regulating. / Without government intervention, there will be too much inequality in the market. / We need the government to redistribute the wealth. Natural Rights: Property, life, liberty

A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches Free Essays

Introduction: Progressing further from the literature review, a research methodology is proposed and formulated concentrating on the design, implementation and careful analysis of the data to achieve the main research objective which is to analyse what staff at Asda think of the electronic training and induction which takes place within the company. This would be carefully analysed in further details. Research Philosophy: Saunders et al (2007) defines research philosophy as the manner in which knowledge is being developed and interpreted. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature by Saunders et al (2007) indicates that there are three important variables that must be considered when looking at a research philosophy. These are Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology respectively. Ontology is mainly concerned with the nature of reality; it raises questions on how the world functions and various views that people hold within. Whereas, Epistemology is the way knowledge is demonstrated and how it can be justified. Axiology is a branch of philosophy which studies judgements about value and it stresses upon that what role the researcher’s value play in the research. (Saunders et al 2007). This research is taking place in Asda store in Edinburgh and the philosophical approach it will adopt is Epistemology. Epistemology as defined by Baker and Foy (2008) is the branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of knowledge and mainly concerns at what does and what does not constitute as warranted knowledge. According to Easter-by-Smith et al (2004), adopting a research position is vital in research because of the following reasons. First, it helps to clarify the research design. Second, it identifies which design will work and which will not. Third, it allows the researcher to stay within the research objectives and also indicate some limitations of a particular research approach and last it can help the researcher to introduce his or her personal experiences in the research process. However, there are two philosophical positions that have emerged from within the rank of Epistemology. These are Objectivism and Constructivism. (Saunders et al 2007) Further, Johnson and Clark (2006) argues that the most important issue is not which philosophical space the research occupies but on how well the research is reflected and defence against the alternatives the researcher could have adopted. More so, the theoretical perspective history presents a graphical illustration of the philosophical positions below: Theoretical Perspective: Objectivism as an epistemological stance holds the view that social entity exists in reality and is independent of people’s perceptions. However constructivism is opposite to objectivism. Truth and meaning do not exist in some external world and people construct their own meaning in different ways, even in relation to the same phenomenon. (Remeyi et al 2005) This research will mainly adopt a constructivist approach because it is about looking at people’s views and beliefs. However, there is a very little element of objectivism in the research as to look at past figures and study the previous trends of young and older workers beliefs and views. Therefore, focusing mainly on constructivism thus, making it fairly justifiable for using this constructivist approach. This correlate with the theoretical perspective of interpretivism. Saunders et al (2007) defines interpretivism as an epistemological approach which is necessary for the researcher to understand the difference between the humans in the role as a social actor. This approach is adopted by those who regard the business world as too complex to permit the discovery of definite laws. According to Saunders et al (2007), interpretivism refers to way people make sense of the world around them, which bears different perceptions of the way people judge, think and feel about orga nisational operations. However, proponents of interpretivism are criticised for undermining the general ability of research findings. Reasons for adopting this philosophical approach is that the staff at Asda is going to base and construct their own understanding and knowledge on electronic training and induction which is offered to them therefore they will have their opinions and feelings about it and whether they like it or not. Remeyi et al (2005:104) nicely summarised the underpinning features of objectivism and constructivism in the table below:- ObjectivismConstructivism Basic beliefs:World is externally and objectiveObserver is independentWorld is socially constructed and subjectiveObserver is part of what is been observed Focus on meaning Researchers should:Focus on factsLook for causality and fundamental lawsReduce phenomena to simplest elements Formulate and test hypothesisTry to understand what is happening Look at totality of each situation Preferred methods:Operationalise concepts so they can be measuredTake large samples Use multiple methods to establish different views of phenomenaSmall samples investigated in depth or over time Source:Remeyi et al (2005:104) Research Approach: Inductive and Deductive Research There are two major approaches to a research development namely induction and deduction. Deductive approach is similarly to that of the scientific research. It involves the development of a theory which is subjected to a rigorous test. (Collis and Hussey2003) Deductive approach in a research works from a more general to more specific and conclusions can be drawn from an available theory. (Saunders et al 2007). For instance: Herzberg’s Two Factor theory can be used to identify job satisfaction within a workplace. Inductive approach on the other hand works the other way round moving from much specific to broader generalisation and conclusions are based on the facts identified in the research findings.The purpose of this is to get a feel of what is going on so as to understand something in a much better way. (Saunders et al 2007) Inductive approach will be suitable for this research because the research objectives are context specific, gathering general ideas and views of people and the research will be carried out to get a better understanding of the workplace systems and finally conclusions will be arrived from the research findings. Research Methodology/ Strategy: Case Study According to Remeyi et al (2005) research strategy provides the overall direction of the research and has identified several research strategies namely action research, case studies, forecasting, survey, ethnography, grounded theory and archival research. Robson (2002) defines case study as a strategy for doing research which involves an investigation of a particular existing fact within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. Morris and Wood (1991) states that the case study strategy is of a greater interest if the researcher wishes to gain a rich understanding of the context of the research and the process being enacted. Case study strategy also generates answers to the questions, for this reason the case study strategy is often used in explanatory and exploratory research. For the purpose of this research, the researcher will focus on case study strategy. The use of this strategy will comfortably accommodate better understanding and provide rich picture of the current situation and training systems in place within Asda. Purpose of the Research: Descriptive, Exploratory or Explanatory: The classification of the research purpose most often used in the research methods is among one of the following: exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. However, the research project may have more than one purpose. (Saunders et al 2007) Robson (2002) points out, that the purpose of enquiry within the research can also change over time. Descriptive Study: Robson (2002) states that, the aim of descriptive research is to portray an accurate and exact profile of people, events or situations. Exploratory Study: An exploratory study is very valuable way of finding out what is happening or to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light. It is a very useful if the research is about clarifying and understanding of any problems and there is also a willingness to change direction in exploratory study. (Robson 2002) Explanatory Study: This involves a research which focuses on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationships between variables. (Saunders et al 2007) This research is going to use exploratory study because it involves getting a general understanding of electronic training given to staff in Asda and exploring any problems within the workplace faced by the employees finally willing to make any adjustments according to the needs and requirements of the employees. Qualitative and Quantitative Data: Saunders et al (2007) describe qualitative data as non-numerical data and which has not been quantified. Carter and Litter (2007) hold the view that qualitative research enables the researcher to rely on words rather than using numerical data when carrying out the investigation. The researcher can pose open the questions about the nature of things as they happen in real life rather than putting out to test already established hypothesis. However, on the other hand quantitative data as described by Saunders et al (2007) as numerical data that have been quantified and it is the data that can be measured. Carter and Little (2007) describe quantitative data as data which is based on facts and figures. This research is mainly focused on Qualitative method because it involves describing things for instance getting feelings of staff over induction and training method used in Asda which is the main objective of this research. The qualitative data will be collected from interviews to get a general feeling of things. However, there is also little Quantitative analysis involved within the research because the researcher will gather some numerical data by giving out the questionnaires in order to access the effectiveness of electronic induction and training. Previous figures can also be collected from management for accessing the effectiveness of e-training but the main focus still relies on the qualitative analysis. Quantitative data can be represented by using pie charts, bar charts or reports. Easterby-Smith et al (2004) states that the combination of both methods of research enhances and maximises the quality of the research. Data Collection Methods: This research is based on a realistic philosophical stance based on inductive approach, the research strategy being a case study, the purpose of the research being exploratory using both qualitative and quantitative analysis but mainly emphasising on qualitative analysis. Data collection methods are simply how the information is gathered. There is a wide range of data collection methods available namely: surveys, sampling, questionnaire, observation, interview, focus groups. (Easterby-Smith et al 2004) However for the purpose of this research the researcher is going to use three methods to collect data (questionnaire, semi-structured interview and focus group discussions) for the purpose of triangulation. Questionnaires: A questionnaire is a set of carefully prepared questions designed with the aim of collecting reliable data from selected participants. (Remeyi et al 2005) Oppenheim (1992) defines a questionnaire as a tool for collecting and recording information about a particular issue of interest. It is made up of a list of questions and it should always have a definite purpose which is related to the objectives of the research. Questionnaires are commonly used to gather straightforward information relating to people’s behaviour or to look at basic attitudes and opinions of people relating to a particular issue. The questionnaire can be designed using both open and closed ended questions to get both qualitative and quantitative data. For the purpose of this research, the researcher will distribute the questionnaires to the permanent staff specially focusing on staff that has been to both electronically and classroom based training sessions. Reason for using a questionnaire is that it will enable the researcher to get a clear picture about the effectiveness of e-training. A sample size of about 30 staff will then be chosen. This will include 25 shop floor workers, 2 team leaders, 2 line managers and 1 personal training buddy. The questionnaire will be in the form of both open and closed ended questions to get a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data. The questionnaire is focused to those employees and managers who can share and express their views in interviews and focus group discussions. Further, Cohen et al (2000) states that advantages of a questionnaire is that the feedback is anonymous which encourages openness and honesty and it gives the opportunity to each employee to participate. The use of questionnaires gives the following advantages: it is cost and time efficient in collecting and analysing data. However, questionnaires also possess some sort of difficulty for example open ended questions may require the respondent to give detailed answers which may be a challenge to some respondents whereas, closed ended questions may limit the in-depth enquiry of relevant information. (Easterby-Smith et al 2004) The researcher will carry out a pilot test using five questionnaires to check that the questions are easily understood and that there are no particular problems relating to the length, sensitivity and sequence of questions. One to one Interviews: According to Easterby-Smith et al (2004) one to one interviews can take various forms: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. This requires a face-to-face conversation between the interviewee and the interviewer and the sequence of questions are open ended. This research will adopt a semi-structured interview. Remeyi et al (2005) states that semi-structured interview provides an opportunity to probe complex issues in a relaxed atmosphere. The reason for carrying out the research in a semi-structured interview technique is because it provides quick and rich evidence because the respondent can provide detailed insights of facts. Participants for the semi-structured interview will be selected on the basis that they have gone through both electronic and classroom trainings programmes. The sample for the interview would be five members mainly: 1 personnel manager, 1 departmental manager, 1 line manager and 2 shop floor workers. The interview questions will be drawn out from the literature review however; the researcher may add any relevant questions or drop any issues which may seem inappropriate while conducting the interview. Focus Group Discussions: A focus group discussion is a group of people who have been brought together to discuss a specific topic in depth. According to Saunders et al (2007) focus group discussions involves the use of comprehensively group interaction whereby participants are chosen because they have something to contribute on the topic. A focus group can precede both quantitative and qualitative data. The researcher will use focus group discussions as third method to gather data. Reasons for doing a focus group discussion is because one session of a group discussion produces a large amount of information in a relatively short period of time. The research will involve five participants in the focus group discussion; 1 line manager, 1 team leader, 1 training buddy and 2 shop floor workers and the sessions will last for 25 minutes. Triangulation: According to Wolf (2010:145) ‘’triangulation refers to the combination of different research modes or looking at the same topic from different angles.’’ As stated above, three methods have been adopted for this research. They will better explore the outcome of the e-training process thus enhancing validity. The reason is to provide broader breadth and depth of the research objectives and also offer greater clarity about the gaps in philosophical commitment during data collection and analysis levels. (Cox and Hassard 2005) Validity and Reliability of Research Design: Validity and reliability are very important criteria in evaluating a research. According to Joppe (2000), validity determines whether the research truly measures that which was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. Remeyi et al (2005) refers to validity as representing a good fit between theory and reality, in the same sense that when a description of a process is evaluated; best fit between theory and reality can be traced. The primary reason for considering this is to indicate how the research will be accepted as a piece of academic writing. Since the research will include little bit of quantitative data, statistical validity will be very paramount to ensure consistency and integrity. Also validity of qualitative data will be prompted whether the researcher has gained full access to knowledge and information about the case study. (Remeyi et al 2005) Reliability is that similar observations should be made by researchers on different occasions and the concern is that how replicable the study is. (Remeyi et al 2005)This is achieved by keeping the data which is been collected safely and to enable others to investigate if any doubts arise in the research results. This provides transparency and trust in the philosophy, approach and methods used in collecting and analysing data since they are open for scrutiny. (Remeyi et al 2005). Research Ethics: The researcher will bear in mind the ethical issues; these will be in accordance with research ethics framework presented by the University of Bolton Institutional Repository and also the Economic and Social Research Council: to ensure the design and the research itself will respect honesty and quality standard. Its been guaranteed that the intended used methods shall be clearly understood by the participants and privacy will be respected in terms of when gathering data and anonymity of respondent. Finally, the author will observe the widely cited suggestions given by Remeyi et al (2005) relative to the theft of ideas, choice of sampling, obtaining assistance from others, misrepresentation of work done and lastly to avoid illegal and unlawful conducts with the entities of the organisation being studied. Evaluation of Overall Research Design: The research philosophy, approach, strategy and methods adopted for the research are judged by the researcher as the most suitably fit for the research objectives. However, the researcher is aware of the lapses in the research design and these might cause hindrance in convincing conclusions. The researcher has envisaged the following possible limitations and has outlined backup plans. Firstly, the issues could rise in the inclusion and exclusion of sampling criteria may rise constraints in the research design. For example: age discrimination and ethnicity might be a problem and overall logistic costs and general feasibility of the research design can hinder the collection of sufficient data. Also selected participants maybe unavailable due to being absence, some participants being on sick leave, workers taking pre-booked holidays and most importantly the busy schedule of management may cause disruptions in the research. In addition, the current management within the department might be altered through transfers hence; this might slow down the research process completely. Secondly, the sample of 30 participants may not provide a broader picture of the electronically based training and induction in Asda. Thirdly, errors and non-responsive attitude of the participants might cause problems in the sample representation. Furthermore, by using a case study strategy it makes it difficult to generalise the outcomes of the research since it may not present a wider view of the store or Asda organisation. This can raise questions about the validity and reliability of the research. Also, the time available to carry out the research is limited. This limits the collection of vital information through semi-structured interviews and focus groups discussions which might cause some loop holes in the research process. Accurate and appropriate data collection analysis tools maybe difficult to find sometimes. Again, since the purpose of the research objective seems to be limited and focuses on a more tangible issue such as technology; this might limit participants interest in the research thus can cause setbacks in the research process. Equally important is that access to vital information about the personnel department might cause constraints in the research itself; as stated by Wolf (2010) it is common for researcher to encounter accessibility difficulties during the data collection stages of their research. Finally, the research project is the first independent project carried out by the researcher of such magnitude, although the author has written essays for up to three thousand words but this may cause inaccuracies in the overall research design. The use of questionnaires will target wide sample size, this will ensure appropriate response. Interviews and focus group discussions will enable the researcher to obtain valuable information for limited time since management will be involved. As data analysis and interpretation of data is concerned, the researcher will apply simple co-efficient method by comparing between samples, the higher co-efficient reflecting higher score and vice versa. (Cavusgil and Das 1997) With regards to internal and external validity of the research, the author will ensure causality between the research objectives, literature review and the research design and also ensure that the research design matches with other research patterns. In addition, triangulation has been adopted to provide richness in the data collected. Similarly, the author will follow the recommendations provided by Gilbbert and Ruigrok (2010) to ensure external validity; generality in external setting does not mean that case study should give up generalisability but the key is to distinguish between statistical and analytical generality. With respect to ethical concerns, the research will guarantee transparency through careful documentation and organisation of the research process with relevant materials to be kept secured to facilitate retrieval for any further investigation. Furthermore, the author will ensure for the sample criteria all cultures are respected. Inclusion criteria will follow the provisions of Equality and Discrimination Act 2010. The author will use random sample in order to avoid any representation errors. Also with regards to accessibility, the author will keep closed contact with the management. More so, the author works within the company as a seasonal staff during the holidays and has been working there for three years so this makes it easy for the management and employees with regards to communication flow so the communication gap has been eliminated. The issue of cost especially travelling and other logistics from Bolton to Edinburgh will be handled since Edinburgh is the author’s main UK residency place. In short, the research design coupled with the research objectives and the literature review are fundamental in critically evaluating the process of electronic training and induction in Asda Edinburgh. References Baker, M.A., Foy, A. (2008) Business and Management Research, 2nd Ed, Argyll: Westburn Publishers Carter, S.M., Little, M. (2007) Justifying Knowledge, Justifying Method, Taking Action: Epistemologies, Methodologies and Methods in Qualitative Research, Journal of Qualitative Health Research, vol.17, no.10, pp.1316-132 Cavusgil, S.M., Das, A. (1997) Methodology Issues in Cross-cultural Sourcing Research – a Primer, Marketing Intelligence and Planning Journal, vol.15, no.5, pp.213-220 Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2000) Research Methods in Education, 5th Ed, London: Rouledge Falmer Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2003) Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, 2nd Ed, Basingstoke: Macmillan Cox, J.W., Hassard, J. (2005) Triangulation in Organisational Research: A Representation, Organisation Science Journal, vol.12, pp.109-133 Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Lowe, A. (2004) Management Research: An Introduction, 2nd Ed, London: Sage Publications Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W. (2010) The ‘What’ and ‘How’ of Case Study Rigor: Three Strategies Based on Published Work, Journal of Organisational Research Methods, vol.13, no.4, pp.710-737 Johnson, P., Clark, M. (2006) Business and Management Research Methodologies, Sage Publications Joppe, M. (2000) The Research Process, The Quantitative Report Journal, vol.8, no.4, pp.597-607. Available from: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf[Accessed on 25th April 2011] Morris, T., Wood, S. (1991) ‘’Testing the survey method: continuity and change in British industrial relations’, Work Employment and Society, vol.5, no.2, pp.259-82 Neuman, W.L. (2000) Social Research Methods, 2nd Ed, London: Allyn and Bacon Oppenheim, A.N. (1992) Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, 2nd Ed, London: St. Martins Press Remeyi, D.W., Money, A., Swartz, E. (2005) Doing Research in Business and Management: An Introduction to Process and Method, London: Sage Publications Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research, 2nd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, 4th Ed, Harlow: Pearson Education Wolf, F. (2010) Enlightened Eclecticism or Hazardous HotchpotchMixed Methods and Triangulation, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, vol.4, no.2, pp.144-16 How to cite A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches, Essays

Electrodynamics of Graphene Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theElectrodynamics of Graphenefor Literature Review. Answer: Introduction Graphene is an isotope of carbon that has been produced in mass quantities only recently. It is considered to be one of the strongest natural materials and has been theorized to exist for almost a few centuries. Recently, some researchers have finally found some reliable methods to produce significant amounts of graphene. Graphene attracts huge amounts of interests from researchers as it exhibits unique properties (Bludov, Peres and Vasilevskiy, 2013). One of these unique properties is evident in the electrodynamic property of graphene in which it reflects electromagnetic radiation. This property of graphene is discussed in this assignment and a literature review has been conducted. Literature Review According to Lambin et al. (2016), the general techniques of electrodynamics can be used for analyzing and calculating the electromagnetic properties of graphene in spite of the fact that graphene has the properties different from any other material. The researchers also published an optimum number of molecular layers in the graphene structure for which, the GHz radiation absorption reaches a peak value. The researchers demonstrated an analytic method using rigorous coupled waves and numerical calculations for finding the amount of GHz radiation absorbed by the PMMA multilayer of a certain quantity of graphene. From their analysis, it has been shown that the absorption process is robust in nature and the defects in the graphene layer structure do not affect the absorption process in any way. However, the defects of the graphene layer do affect the electromagnetic properties of graphene and its behavior towards electromagnetic waves. Figure 1: Effects of Graphene Defects on Its EM Properties (Source: Lambin et al., 2016, pp. 18) In the above figure, the absorbance, reflectance and transmittance of a graphene multilayer has been denoted as A, R and T respectively and the value of N has been used as 6, 7 and 8 against the defect concentration at a frequency of 30 GHz. In the right part shown in the figure, the graphene structure covers multiple atomic planes and a fraction (denoted as f) of the graphene plane surface is covered by a number of separate islands. In their works, Bludov, Peres and Vasilevskiy (2013) mainly emphasized on single layer graphene instead of multiple layer. They considered one flat graphene sheet (single molecular layer) and located them in plane z=0 (such that the x-axis is perpendicular to this sheet. They also cladded the sheet with two semi-infinite dielectric materials having the dielectric permittivity e1 0 and a capping medium where e2 0. Now, they applied a uniform EM field along the y-axis. From this experiment, they found that the field is decomposed into two different waves having different polarization states. Hence, the authors published the results as the p-polarized (TM) waves were along the x and z-axis whereas the s-polarized (TE) waves were along the y-axis. Figure 2: Schematic Representation of p- and s-polarized Waves (Source: Bludov, Peres Vasilevskiy, 2013, pp. 2) The authors also came into conclusion that graphene exhibits significant optical properties under the effect of electromagnetic waves. When the phenomenon of total internal reflection of the electromagnetic waves occurs, the graphene layer absorbs the electromagnetic energy from the s-polarized waves. When the angle of incidence of the wave reaches the critical angle, the absorption also reaches its peak. Xu et al. (2012) based their research on a device named electro-optic modulator. Initially, they used silicon compounds for the device but this endeavor failed as the electro-optic properties of silicon are extremely poor. Then they switched to graphene as it shows significant electro-optic property due to the hexagonal arrangement of the lattice. Moreover, they said that intrinsic graphene material has zero band gap and hence, nano-electric operations can easily be done using this material. Using Kubo formalism and the Maxwell equations, the researchers successfully used graphene as an active medium for modulation of light transmission. They applied certain voltage to the graphene-oxide-silicon waveguide and found that the refractive indices showed significant variations. They used this particular property in order to electrically control the optical modulation in the GOS waveguide but also used different styles of electro-refraction and electro-absorption. According to Chen and Al (2011), graphene shows some unique properties of low-loss surface reactance against terahertz (THz) frequencies and far-infrared electromagnetic radiation. They used this unique property in order to tailor the surface induced by the radiation according to any required parameter. The researchers used the properties of high conductivity and tenability of graphene to produce the effects of scattering cancellation that were even better than the RF mantle cloaks used commonly. According to their research results, graphene consists of a two-dimensional electronic system and a single layer of atomic plane composed of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice form. Hence, the researchers described the graphene layer as a gapless semiconductor without any significant mass and a linear electron hole that has dispersion properties following the Fermi velocity vF = 108 cm/s. The researchers demonstrated some experimental methods by using electr omagnetic waves and numerical calculations for finding the amount of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a single graphene layer. From their analysis, it has been shown that the absorption process is robust in nature and the defects in the graphene layer structure do not affect the absorption process in any way. However, the defects of the graphene layer do affect the electromagnetic properties of graphene and its behavior towards electromagnetic waves. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded graphene has unique properties and further research activities are needed to learn more about these properties. Graphene is considered as one of the hardest natural materials and it now finds use for a large number of purposes. According to the researches, the properties of graphene can be exploited and used in different industries and other similar sectors. Moreover, due to the extreme strength of the graphene material, it is extremely durable and can be used even at high temperatures. This literature review conducted in this assignment reflects the electrodynamic properties of graphene that have been known till now from the limited number of experiments conducted. References Bludov, Y. V., Peres, N. M., Vasilevskiy, M. I. (2013). Unusual reflection of electromagnetic radiation from a stack of graphene layers at oblique incidence.Journal of Optics,15(11), 114004. Chen, P. Y., Al, A. (2011). Atomically thin surface cloak using graphene monolayers.ACS nano,5(7), 5855-5863. Lambin, P., Lobet, M., Batrakov, K., Kuzhir, P. (2016). Electrodynamics of graphene/polymer multilayers in the GHz frequency domain. InFundamental and Applied Nano-Electromagnetics(pp. 45-67). Springer Netherlands. Xu, C., Jin, Y., Yang, L., Yang, J., Jiang, X. (2012). Characteristics of electro-refractive modulating based on Graphene-Oxide-Silicon waveguide.Optics express,20(20), 22398-22405.

A Global War Or An Intercontinental Nuclear Exchange Is Highly Unlikel Essay Example For Students

A Global War Or An Intercontinental Nuclear Exchange Is Highly Unlikel Essay y in the current world political climate. But as long as considerable nuclear weapons and long range delivery systems exist in other countries and a developing threat resides with potential adversaries, the possibility of an aerospace attack on North America cannot be discounted. Furthermore, the proliferation of cruise and ballistic missiles, and weapons of mass destruction, has made the post-Cold War world more, rather than less, dangerous. New generations of these weapons may be in the hands of governments or organizations which could threaten the North American continent, or American and Canadian military personnel deployed around the world. Control of North Americas airspace is challenged by those who violate the air sovereignty of Canada and the United States. In addition, weapons proliferation coupled with an increasingly unstable world, increases the importance of effective aerospace warning. BenefitsThe greatest benefit the Canadian and US governments derive from NORAD is their ability to share the resources and costs needed for aerospace security. It would be militarily impractical, as well as inefficient, for each nation to unilaterally perform NORADs missions and functions. In Canadas case, although aerospace control would be possible, the mission of air defense in depth would be difficult due to the countrys large land mass and relatively small defense force. Further, Canada depends entirely on US systems to provide warning of ballistic missile attack, both at home and at overseas locations where deployed Canadian military personnel could be threatened. Although other US military organizations could assume many of NORADs tasks in aerospace warning, the increased costs and operational difficulties would be compounded by the loss of efficiency that is obtained through cross-border cooperation. In addition, the US benefits from the ability to receive early warning information from radars along Canadas northern tier. This improves the US capability to provide timely warning for air launched cruise missile attacks and to initiate defensive measures. Other benefits to both nations include shared intelligence and technology, joint strategic planning for defense, and a long tradition of binational cooperation and friendship. NORAD/Command RelationshipsThe Commander in Chief NORAD (CINCNORAD) is responsible to the governments of both Canada and the United States for the aerospace defense of North America. CINCNORAD may be either a Canadian or American general, but has historically been an American. CINCNORAD reports directly to the Prime Minister of Canada through the Canadian Chief of Defence Staff, and to the US President and Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Canada and the United States decide individually what forces to make available to CINCNORAD to enable him to carry out NORADs missions. CINCNORAD exercises operational control over the Canadian and US forces made available by both countries. For example, CINCNORAD controls US and Canadian radars and air defense fighters to safeguard North Americas air sovereignty and to defend against air attack. CINCNORAD is also supported by other commands. As a case in point, United States Space Command provides NORAD with s urveillance and warning information to carry out NORADs aerospace warning mission. Because timely and accurate warning information plays such a key role in NORAD accomplishing its missions, whenever CINCNORAD is a US officer he is dual-hatted as Commander in Chief of US Space Command (USCINCSPACE). This helps to ensure rapid passage of warning information from USSPACECOM to NORAD. Forces and FundingThe Canadian and US governments fund NORAD forces through their respective military budgets and each nation provides its own funding for the forces it contributes to the Command. These arrangements provide maximum flexibility for each government. Except for NORAD Headquarters itself, all forces, surveillance systems, and infrastructure are owned, operated and maintained by other military commands such as Air Combat Command in the United States or Air Command (as of mid-1997, 1 Canadian Air Division) in Canada. These forces and systems frequently are shared with other users, with only a portion of their costs being directly attributable to NORAD. Interpersonal Communication EssayThe 1996 renewal of the NORAD Agreement is illustrative of NORADs capacity to evolve in concert with the changing global situation. Recognizing the widening scope of NORADs responsibilities in the post-Cold War world, the renewed agreement assigned NORAD the missions of Aerospace Warning and Aerospace Control for North America. Aerospace warning includes: the monitoring of man-made objects in space; and detection, validation, and warning of attack against North America whether by aircraft, missiles, or man-made space vehicles. Aerospace control includes providing surveillance and control of the airspace of Canada and the United States. This mission is currently defined as providing air sovereignty and air defense for North America. In short, the Command monitors any potential aerospace threat to the two nations, provides warning and assessment of that threat for the two governments, and responds defensively to any aircraft or cruise missile threaten ing North American airspace. INTRODUCTIONThe North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a binational command involving the United States and Canada. Established in 1958, NORAD provides warning of missile and air attack against both of its member nations, safeguards the air sovereignty of North America, and provides air defense forces for defense against an air attack. While the essence of NORAD has not changed, its mission has evolved over the years to meet the aerospace defense needs of Canada and the United States.