Mcdonald Fast Food Marketing Essay

Mcdonald Fast Food Marketing Essay McDonald Corporation is among the biggest chain of drive-thru eateries in the United Kingdom. It fundamentally sells French flames, chicken, cheeseburgers, sodas and breakfast. This paper draws on the view that McDonalds cheap food keep on staying serious in the inexpensive food showcase specialty by righteousness of key administration which sees it improving the flavor of sandwiches just as presenting a menu lost that is new for its clients. To comprehend the achievement of McDonald throughout the years, it is imperative to take note of the key administration of the inexpensive food partnership in the UK. Some portion of the key drive of McDonalds to expand its serious edge has been to upgrade the arrangement of food readiness and as confirm in its ongoing food planning framework named Made For You, McDonald built up a shared relationship with its clients since fresher just as more sizzling food are conveyed to clients; an angle that prompts more utilization of McDonalds food (Stuar t et al, 2007). The general point in the key reasoning and the board of McDonalds lays on the upgraded adaptability on its client care, plan of action, coming to and breaking down the vital edge considering upper hand and business level techniques. This paper tries to dissect the more extensive condition in which McDonalds works rivalry inside the cheap food industry, vital center, and how to address difficulties that happen inside the business. Presentation McDonalds Fast Food Company is among the biggest food administration retail organization. Known for its hot and new fries, cheeseburgers, burgers and soda pops, McDonalds works around 30,000 cafés in more than 199 nations. In the UK, a greater part of the McDonalds works on the establishment premise. The vital concentration and hierarchical administration has situated McDonalds to contend successfully in an effectively serious industry and in this manner edge a serious base in the modern condition and appreciate a market specialty for its business. Clients visit its outlet on the regular routine in view of the capacity of McDonalds to make a companys picture that improves individuals to get familiar with the way of life of fats food (McDonalds Corporation, 2010). In that capacity, there is an able client base which McDonalds utilizes as a market section procedure. Along with publicizing organizations that leaves the brand picture in the shoppers mind, McDonalds proceed not exclusive ly to enter the market yet in addition extend their market size. Accordingly, there are various procedures that McDonald expands on to stay serious in the business and accomplish t business and authoritative target. McDonalds Company Overview As one of the biggest cheap food enterprise in the UK that focuses on burgers, French fries, delicate nourishments and breakfast, McDonalds has in the latest presented plates of mixed greens, nibble wraps, products of the soil sticks. McDonald is a business that goes in 1940. It was a thought that developed and got operational as the two siblings Mac McDonald and Dick opened a café in the United States (Walsh, 2009) .The first McDonalds worked on the standard of present day drive-through eatery which later spread across Europe. The present McDonald is because of the fruitful development of the McDonald into a large group of cheap food markets. The organization has become the image of globalization and it noticeable quality in the UK depends on the idea of buyer duty just as corporate morals (McDonalds Corporation, 2010). Basically, McDonald serves roughly one million clients consistently. Business Environment and Analysis of McDonalds The earth wherein McDonalds works is exceptionally serious that administrators have been compelled to embrace a key system whereupon they practice their capacity to recognize, develop just as adventure the center skills that guarantees that there is business and market development. Thompson (2005) attests that so as to show up at this vital limit, McDonalds as a company has been the focal point of the key arrangement detailing. Moreover, Brown (2002) calls attention to that its absolutely impossible in which the association can exist in the vacuum. In this sense, McDonalds work inside a serious situation and the establishment of its key administration lays on its capacity to dissect its rival in the inexpensive food industry. Thus, this not just empowers McDonalds to understand its qualities and shortcoming yet additionally help it to figure a situation on which it recognizes the open doors that are available for the associations well as the dangers it can look from its more extensiv e modern condition. This key investigation best positions McDonalds in its market specialty and is hence a system that mirrors the best walk for McDonalds key administration. The capabilities showed by McDonalds structure one more part of its general key administration. Parsa (2002) fights that as one of the biggest evolved way of life organizations in the UK, it characterizes its prosperity from its qualities and openings. This is the unmistakable serious system that upgrades the partnerships upper hand in the market. An a valid example is the monetary chances, advertise administration, picture of the organization to the market just as the connection between the organization and its client shapes the qualities just as circumstances than McDonald has accomplished on its more extensive vital administration plan. To accomplish an improved and increasingly productive market specialty, McDonalds makes an effective picture in the clients brains and draws from it strategic vision explanation to acquaint with far reaching clients a culture of inexpensive food. This is confirm by the basic idea that it serves more than one million clients in UK for each day and keeps on including its menu another rundown of cheap food things arranged. Moreover, client care relations, conveyance speed just as high clean conditions make the fundamental qualities on which McDonalds develops. Cole (2003) explains that McDonald has made a corporate image that is fortified by the notice crusades in the UK. As needs be, it expands on this platform to fundamentally build up a brand picture that has stayed in the psyches of a large number of individuals living in the UK. Accordingly, the brand picture positions McDonalds an edge higher than its significant rival in the evolved way of life ventures and its showcasing methodo logies effectively addresses significant business activities factors, for example, inward assets and the center skills comparable to the outside condition in which it works (Kendrick, 2008). Additionally, business experts have kept up that the item estimation of McDonalds has added to the key focal point of its tasks. As to this, clients know about what's in store from the McDonalds eateries at whatever point they visit the McDonalds. This gives accentuation on the way that human asset draws their fulfillment from fulfilling their clients and keeps the workers prepared to receive the inventive system of the organization where they present more current items in the market in an offer to stay anxious with the more up to date tastes and patterns of its clients and market size. The assorted variety of McDonalds into other related business shapes the system on which financial experts see the McDonalds as the effective corporate gathering inside the cheap food industry (Enz, 2009). Serious Environment inside the Operations of McDonalds Each drive-through joint working whether as an association or individual business is planned for making another wave in the presentation; all pointed towards executing and supporting the brand quality and the development of the marketable strategy. Many drive-through joints in the UK keep on breaking down the outside just as inward business openings and in this manner create advertising plans that see them with a significant pieces of the overall industry. These make natural pecking order industry an extremely serious industry in the UK. As per Hetrick et al (2006), McDonalds acknowledges that opposition for commercial center is hardened and has entrusted its administration to continually impart, contrast their administrations and those of other drive-thru eateries lastly enhance their administration conveyance and consolidate the advancements of innovation, for example, the web to essentially persuade their customers and enhance the general community execution. Also, many cheap food associations without a doubt improve their food creation which makes it pointless to utilize the item quality alone as the showcasing procedure. As this may make a situation where you are evaluated normal, McDonalds has gone a step higher in edging its upper hand by adjusting each advertising and business system to suit its vision articulation. All things considered, Heath and Palacher (2008) contends that remembering the effectively accessible assets is one point towards progress however utilizing all the essential capabilities has empowered McDonalds to support its place in the serious market. As needs be, as the CEO of McDonalds stated, the world has broadly changed thus have the clients. This requires a critical requirement for any business association to change in light with the clients change (Walsh, 2009). McDonalds Competitive Position inside the Food Chain Industry McDonalds has accomplished the title of the main and biggest drive-through joint in the UK from its general key administration idea of supportable serious market. With accentuation, this vital arrangement has been behind the McDonalds capacity to make it hard for other natural way of life businesses to enter its fortification commercial center. Slope and Jones (2007) clarify that McDonalds serious position is credited to its dynamic client care relations, brand imaging, cost structure just as its patent. With respect to this, the authoritative just as the administrative procedure has fixated on sharing coordination and combination to plan strategies that drives the McDonalds on

Techniques for Middle and High School Teaching Essay Sample free essay sample

Instruction includes learning and larning achievements or builds. At the point when individual is taught  it implies that that individual is being drawn out in a method intended to facilitate the acknowledgment of self-potential and inactive enrichments thatsâ why secondary school life is significant https://studymoose.com/secondary school-life-essayâ The educators. as facilitators of this learning method. must larn to create strategies that would leave discernment in the most useful mode. These larning strategies would require to take in students’ diverse larning abilities.Personally. I incline toward a module-based guidance where those that have higher procurement capacities could proceed at more advancement exercises without the interest to hang tight for the individuals who need more clasp to comprehend an unconventional subject. Be that as it may. in a progressively customary scene. where all understudies are shown a similar subject in an unvarying walk. these are the strategies I would follow to oversee understudy open introduction and reference procurement demands:Daily Review and Pre-Requisite Checksre-educating. We will compose a custom exposition test on Procedures for Middle and High School Teaching Essay Sample or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Introduction of New ConceptsIn using the procurement by learning build. understudies will be doled out subjects to talk all through the semester. This is utile in allowing brilliant students the chance to larn in front and talk their securing with their classmates. This will other than gracefully for a possibility for non-splendid understudies to attempt more enthusiastically and take part in research so as to show the day’s exercises precisely. Splendid understudies will be given the more hard and muddled exercises to talk. while the non-splendid understudies will be doled out simpler subjects. The securing by learning should be possible independently. by support. or then again by gathering. Guided PracticeIndependent PracticeWeekly and Monthly ReappraisalsMentionsMultiple Methods of Assessment[ Electronic form ] . Recovered Oct. 12. 2007. fromhypertext move convention:/xnet. rrc. megabit. ca/glenh/effective_teaching. htm

Law Case Analysis free essay sample

Law Case Analysis Material Facts and Source of Law The offended party William Shelensky was an executive who claimed a minority investor of Defendant Corporation called Chicago National League Ball Club, which worked Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had been experiencing working misfortunes direct baseball tasks from 1961-1965. The executive litigant Philip K. Wrigley who possessed 80% stock offers didn't introduce lights at Wrigley Field with the goal that the Cubs couldn't play around evening time when at home, despite the fact that the other 19 significant group groups planned night games. Litigant (Wrigley) guaranteed that baseball is a day sport and that playing around evening time would unfavorably influence the encompassing neighborhood. William offered a claim against the executive Philip K. Wrigley and different chiefs that their fumble of not building lights for night games was opposite and irrelevant to business enthusiasm, causing insufficient participation and friends money related losing. Oppositely, respondents contended that courts couldn’t meddle business choices except if there is extortion, wrongdoing or irreconcilable circumstance. The wellspring of law is case law where the standards of law declared in court choices. Mr. Equity Sullivan judge on this case dependent on past guidelines denied from other 10 confirmed cases. Explicit Legal Issues The instance of Shlensky versus Wrigley includes both inquiry of law and question of truth. It includes question of law since offended party and respondent have various situations in deciphering rules. The Plaintiff holds that misrepresentation, illicitness and irreconcilable situation are not by any means the only bases for investor to sue the chiefs while the litigant hold inverse position. Consequently, it needs judge to decipher and apply the law for this situation. It likewise includes the topic of certainty, which is whether it loves plaintiff’s saying that defendants’ refusal of building lights for night games ascribed to the organization misfortune. Plaintiff’s Argument Plaintiff Shensky was pushing for the harms for bungle of chiefs. The offended party likewise required the respondent to introduce the lights in Wrigley Field and timetable night ball games. The Plaintiff asserted that night games would help the companys money related condition, and that the deals from participation around evening time games would pay for the expense of the lights. In any case, chiefs wouldn't introduce lights in Wrigley Field on the grounds that the individual view that night ball games would upset encompassing neighborhood. Have the chiefs been careless in neglecting to practice sensible consideration and reasonability in the administration of the corporate issues by deciding, not out of a decent confidence worry for the organization, yet for individual perspectives. In this manner, The Plaintiff guaranteed that respondents were subject for blunder since reasons of not introducing lights were opposite and disconnected to business interests. Defendant’s Argument Defendant Wrigley was upholding for that court couldn't meddle participate issues in the event that they didn't overstep the law and agreement. Litigant guaranteed that the explanation he demand not introducing lights is that baseball is a daytime game and night games would upset encompassing neighborhood. He likewise asserted that if night games played, the negative impact from neighborhood would diminish company’s notoriety. Be that as it may, he was happy to play night games if another arena was worked in Chicago. The litigants contended that their concerning and acting didn't violate the law, agreement and strife intrigue. In this way, the court didn't fit the bill for the duty to pass judgment on them. Court’s Decision and Rationale The court at last renounced the case and confirmed defendants’ inability to plan night games didn't establish carelessness. Right off the bat, The court feels that except if the lead of executives verges on one of three components (extortion, lawlessness, irreconcilable circumstance), the court won't meddle the directors’ choice and conduct. Also, the plaintiff’s claims are flawed. Offended party can't demonstrate that the choice of not introducing lights would carry colossal measure of benefits to the collaboration on the grounds that there was no claim that the night games played by different groups improved their money related condition. The offended party didnt even think about the amount it would cost to keep up the lights. Likewise, the case of â€Å"Have the executives neglecting to practice sensible consideration and reasonability in the administration of the corporate undertakings by deciding, not out of a decent confidence worry for the organization, however for individual views† is additionally flawed. Since the impact on the encompassing neighborhood is something to be viewed as when settling on organization choices, as that influences who goes to games just as the estimation of the property. The worried of encompassing neighborhood is a decent confidence of worry for the organization and identified with company’s long haul intrigue. The legitimate guidelines utilized by the court incorporate many court choices from other comparable cases. For instance, the court depended on language found in Hunter v. Roberts, Throp amp; Co. , 83 Mich 63, 47 NW 131, 134, Courts of value won't meddle in the administration of the executives except if it is unmistakably made to create the impression that they are blameworthy of extortion or misappropriation of the corporate assets, or decline to pronounce a profit when the company has an excess of net benefits which it can. The Justice Sullivan applied this standard onto the instance of Shlensky. Exercises Learned from the Case After investigating the Case of William Shlensky and Philip K. Wrigley, what I will detract from perusing the case is that courts secure directors’ objective choices. These choices may not be entirely beneficial or directly looking back, yet executives are shielded from risk insofar as there is no misrepresentation, illicitness or irreconcilable situa tion of investors. It is a significant case to investigation on the grounds that the case shows something other than lawful standards. By learning law in setting of genuine claims, on account of Shlensky and Wrigley, I figured out how questions emerge, how offended party and litigant convey the two contentions and how the appointed authority applies past case law choices into the present case to settle on a choice. The appointed authority chooses the case dependent on the genuine realities other than one party’s asserting. As opposed to perusing pages of unique proclamations of law, the standard that court can't meddle legitimate business choice are introduced all the more strikingly by genuine issues including genuine individuals.

Red Bull Target Market Essay Example

Red Bull Target Market Paper Proposals for Red Bull to Sustain Their Marketing Momentum The showcasing system of Red Bull can be considered as one of the best one throughout the years. Red Bull has been renowned for building a drink brand without depending on broad communications. The focal part in all showcasing exercises of Red Bull was â€Å"Word-of mouth†. In addition, Red Bull additionally made â€Å"adult cartoon† commercial, pushed preliminary program, developed a broad system of occasions, supported driving competitors of extraordinary games and marked refrigerated deals units to finish their showcasing technique. Nonetheless, so as to support the showcasing achievement, other than their conventional advertising effort, we imagine that Red Bull need to take the accompanying activities: ? Boosting mass-showcasing effort to install the picture of Red Bull a caffeinated drink-in customers’ minds: in the current brutal rivalry advertise, where various brands of caffeinated drinks are accessible, it is difficult for Red Bull to keep their situation as the principal decision in customers’ minds when they need a caffeinated drink if clients don't have opportunity to see the picture of Red Bull normally. Hence, presently it is the ideal opportunity for them to utilize different devices like boards, standard advertisements or banners at the open spots to amplify contact with clients. ?Expanding promoting on the web: as the web is so well known now and an ever increasing number of individuals invest a lot of their energy riding the web, Red Bull likewise needs to advance their image through certain exercises on the web like making some outrageous games on the web and publicizing on suitable sites which are very acquainted with understudies and businessmen in various nations. Differentiating their items: Red Bull should demonstrate their development to clients to refresh the picture just as to make section hindrances against different contenders through item expansion. We will compose a custom paper test on Red Bull Target Market explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Red Bull Target Market explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Red Bull Target Market explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer They can present new sorts of drink with more nutrient in addition to or more flavors however they need to ensure that the new sorts are additionally caffeinated beverages to keep up the connection between the word â€Å"energy† with Red Bull. Making Red Bull grant: because of the way that understudies are considered as a significant part in Red Bull’s target showcase, it is useful for Red Bull to construct their great picture among understudies through allowing three to five grants every year on their image name to the understudies who get superb outcomes regardless of troublesome day to day environments. ?Supporting cause exercises: Red Bull likewise need to support the foundation exercises identifying with supporting individuals to conquer genuine illnesses or competitors to recuperate after injury. This activity along with the above activity of conceding grants not just assists Red With bulling increase positive intuition from people in general yet additionally make a decent connect to the brand name â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings†. In whole, to keep up their advertising energy, Red Bull needs to do all the vital exercises to fortify the connection between the word â€Å"energy† and the brand name Red Bull. At that point at whatever point clients consider caffeinated drink they will consider Red Bull.

Alias Tutorial

Learning Autodesk AliasStudio 2008 Level 1 A hands-on prologue to the key instruments and methods of Autodesk AliasStudio 73415-050000-5001A Copyright and trademarks AliasStudio 2008 documentation by: Pat Anderson, Marie-France Roy, Kerry Kingston and Damien Fleury  © Copyright 2002-2007 Autodesk, Inc. All rights held. This distribution, or parts thereof, may not be repeated in any structure, by any technique, for any reason. AUTODESK, INC. MAKES NO WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE REGARDING THESE MATERIALS, AND MAKES SUCH MATERIALS AVAILABLE SOLELY ON A â€Å"AS-IS† BASIS. IN NO EVENT SHALL AUTODESK, INC. , BE LIABLE TO ANYONE FOR SPECIAL, COLLATERAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF ACQUISITION OR USE OF THESE MATERIALS. THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE LIABILITY TO AUTODESK, INC. Despite THE FORM OF ACTION, SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PURC HASE PRICE, IF ANY, OF THE MATERIALS DESCRIBED HEREIN. Autodesk, Inc. , maintains all authority to overhaul and improve its items as it sees fit. This distribution portrays the condition of this item at the hour of its distribution, and may not mirror the item consistently later on. Autodesk Trademarks coming up next are enlisted trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc. , in the USA and different nations: 3DEC (plan/logo), 3December, 3December. om, 3ds Max, ActiveShapes, Actrix, ADI, Alias, Alias (whirl plan/logo), AliasStudio, Alias|Wavefront (structure/logo), ATC, AUGI, AutoCAD, AutoCAD Learning Assistance, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Simulator, AutoCAD SQL Extension, AutoCAD SQL Interface, Autodesk, Autodesk Envision, Autodesk Insight, Autodesk Intent, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Map, Autodesk MapGuide, Autodesk Streamline, AutoLISP, AutoSnap, AutoSketch, AutoTrack, Backdraft, Built with ObjectARX (logo), Burn, Buzzsaw, CAiCE, Can You Imagine, Character Studio, Cinestream, Civil 3D, Cl eaner, Cleaner Central, ClearScale, Color Warper, Combustion, Communication Specification, Constructware, Content Explorer, Create>what's;Next; (structure/logo), Moving Baby (picture), DesignCenter, Design Doctor, Designer's Toolkit, DesignKids, DesignProf, DesignServer, DesignStudio, Design|Studio (structure/logo), Design Your World, Design Your World (plan/logo), DWF, DWG, DWG (logo), DWG TrueConvert, DWG TrueView, DXF, EditDV, Education by Design, Extending the Design Team, FBX, Filmbox, FMDesktop, GDX Driver, Gmax, Heads-up Design, Heidi, HOOPS, HumanIK, idrop, iMOUT, Incinerator, IntroDV, Kaydara, Kaydara (structure/logo), LocationLogic, Luster, Maya, Mechanical Desktop, MotionBuilder, ObjectARX, ObjectDBX, Open Reality, PolarSnap, PortfolioWall, Powered with Autodesk Technology, Productstream, ProjectPoint, Reactor, RealDWG, Real-time Roto, Render Queue, Revit, Showcase, SketchBook, StudioTools, Topobase, Toxik, Visual, Visual Bridge, Visual Construction, Visual Drainage, Visual Hydro, Visual Landscape, Visual Roads, Visual Survey, Visual Syllabus, Visual Toolbox, Visual Tugboat, Visual LISP, Voice Reality, Volo, and Wiretap. Coming up next are enlisted trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk Canada Co. n the USA or potentially Canada and different nations: Backburner, Discreet, Fire, Flame, Flint, Frost, Inferno, Multi-Master Editing, River, Smoke, Sparks, Stone, Wire. All other brand names, item names or trademarks have a place with their individual holders. Outsider Copyright Notices This item incorporates programming created by the Apache Software Foundation. Macromedia Shockwaveâ„ ¢ Player and Macromedia Flashâ„ ¢ Player programming by Macromedia, Inc. , Copyright  © 1995-2000 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights held. Parts identifying with JPEG Copyright  © 1991-1998 Thomas G. Path. All rights saved. This product is situated to some extent on crafted by the Independent JPEG Group. Parts identifying with TIFF Copyright  © 1997-1998 Sam Leffler. Copyright  © 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights held. GOVERNMENT Use, duplication, or revelation by the U. S. Government is dependent upon limitations as set out in FAR 12. 212 (Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights) and DFAR 227. 7202 (Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software), as appropriate. Distributed By: Autodesk, Inc. 111 Mclnnis Parkway San Rafael, CA 94903, USA Documentation manufacture date: April 3, 2007 iii GETTING HELP ON ALIASSTUDIO Welcome Autodesk gives you various assets to help you in turning into a capable AliasStudio client. Discovering help on AliasStudio highlights If: Try this You need data about introducing AliasStudio Follow the on-screen directions on the establishment CD. For progressively nitty gritty directions, see the introduce. pdf document on the top degree of the CD. You are new to AliasStudio ? Peruse Getting Started, the booklet remembered for the pack. ? Peruse through the data on the principle documentation page (record. html) ? Peruse the About†¦ segment of the online documentation. In the event that you like, you can print off the book brimming with this data, which is called AliasStudio Fundamentals. ? Work through these instructional exercises in Learning AliasStudio. These are essential exercises that will show you working in 3D in AliasStudio. They are likewise the essential for further developed AliasStudio courses. Utilize the How To†¦ segment of the online documentation to figure out how to perform explicit activities inside AliasStudio, such as drawing bends, making four-sided surfaces, and utilizing veils while painting. ? Visit www. autodesk. com/estore to get some answers concerning learning instruments, for example, Learning Alias AliasStudio | Beginner’s Guide focused on the amateur client. You are updating from a past adaptation of StudioTools ? See the What’s New in AliasStudio record, accessible by choosing Help > What’s New in AliasStudio, or on the documentation CD as a PDF document. ? Take a gander at the What’s New tab in the default rack furnished with the application. iv You are searching for point by point nformation about an apparatus or highlight ? Glance in the â€Å"Tools and Menus† area of the online assistance ? Pick Help > What’s this and afterward click on the apparatus or menu thing ? Utilize the correct mouse button on the foundation of any choice window to see help for that device or activity. You need to learn new procedures for utilizing AliasStudio ? See Learning AliasStudio 2008 ? See Technical Surfacing ? Visit www. autodesk. com/estore to discover learning apparatuses focused on middle of the road and propelled clients. You need a PDF variant of one of the manuals ? The entirety of the manuals are given in PDF group in the PDF catalog on the documentation CD. You need to recognize what the eyboard easy routes are in AliasStudio ? Pick Help > Keyboard alternate ways from insi de AliasStudio, or snap Keyboard Shortcuts on the principle online assistance page. You need a Quick Reference card ? Print the Quick Reference card record gave in the PDF catalog on the documentation CD. v Finding AliasStudio preparing assets If†¦ Try this†¦ You need to get inside and out preparing ? See the learning materials and instructional classes accessible from www. autodesk. com/preparing You need to get tips and procedures from the specialists at AliasStudio MasterClasses ? For occasions close to you, see www. autodesk. com/preparing You need to make modules for AliasStudio Use the AliasStudio Application Programmers’ Interface Manual to get familiar with the article situated programming required to construct modules. You need data about turning into an Alias-guaranteed educator ? See the data at www. autodesk. com/preparing or get in touch with us at [emailâ protected] com. vi Finding support for AliasStudio If†¦ Try this You are a Platinum part and need to get to the Knowledgebase or Ask Autodesk ? Go to the AliasStudio bolster site at www. autodesk. com/bolster You need to interat with other AliasStudio clients ? Go to the online User-to-User Discussion gathering on the AliasStudio bolster website at www. autodesk. com/bolster You need answers to basic roubleshooting questions ? See the FAQs (every now and again posed inquiries) in the specialized help segment of the AliasStudio bolster site at www. autodesk. com/support. You need to permit your product ? On the off chance that you are a Platinum part and need a permit, check the executable permit record on the highest point of your establishment CD. In the event that your permit isn’t there, go to www. autodesk. com/fight and adhere to the guidelines in the introduce. pdf record at the highest point of the AliasStudio CD. ? In the event that you are another client, go to www. autodesk. com/opa to get another permit. You need client or specialized help ? Go to the web site page www. autodesk. com/bolster vii Working with AliasStudio In the event that you make idea structures ? Find out about our new idea structure work process ? Work through the demonstrating and rendering instructional exercises in Learning Studio If you assemble 3D models dependent on draws ? Work through the displaying instructional exercises in Learning AliasStudio If you fabricate 3D models for produce ? Find out About Curves and About Modeling ? Work through the demonstrating instructional exercises in Learning Studio ? Check the network site for tips and deceives If you change 3D models for produce ? Peruse AliasStudio Fundamentals ? Work through the Technical Surfacing instructional exercises. On the off chance that you make rendered pictures ? Find out About Rendering ? Work through the rendering instructional exercises in Learning Studio Check the network website for tips and deceives and downloadable shaders and foundations If you make movements ? Accomplish the work in the â€Å"If you make rendered images† area ? Find out Abo ut Animating ? Work through the movement instructional exercises in Learning Studio ? Check the network site for tips and deceives. viii ix CONTENTS Learning AliasStudio furnishes you with instructional exercises to gain proficiency with the rudiments of demonstrating, rendering, and vivifying. All highlights are not accessible in all items or on all stages; you may discover your product doesn't bolster a portion of the capacities depicted in this book to outline

Fun With Feminism Workbooks, Coloring Books, Activity Books

Fun With Feminism Workbooks, Coloring Books, Activity Books When something isnt quite big enough to constitute a trend in publishing, but its not something you are able to  not  see, we have ourselves a microtrend. These are themes or topics or formats in books that are common among one another in interesting ways. An excellent microtrend recently has been the growth of illustrated collective biographies of rad women who do rad things. Another microtrend emerging? Fun and quirky activity, coloring, and craft books with a no-shame feminist angle. These are books that allow you to not only blow off some stress and have fun in some capacity, but they also have unabashed feminist agendas (woo hoo). Check out these books for some literal fun with feminism. Avies Dreams: An Afro-Feminist Coloring Book by Makeda Lewis A young dreamer wanders through a personal mythology of women warriors, tropical flowers, and sea creatures. A radically introspective and interpersonal take on the usual coming-of-age tale, Avie firmly establishes her authorial roleâ€"and infuses ancient Greek lore, Renaissance scripts, and Hollywood blockbusters with images of afro-centricity and queer identity. Despite the continued popularity of adult coloring books, few actually incorporate adult literary themes into their pages. Avies Dreams is beautifully illustrated, but also tells a complex and challenging narrative of race, gender and sexuality, and body image. Interspersed with lyrics and quotes taken from contemporary Internet culture and modern poetry, the story investigates the trials and magic of a young black girl growing up in the world. The Badass Feminist Coloring Book by Ijeoma Oluo (and theres a teen edition, as well) The Badass Feminist Coloring book is a righteous celebration of modern-day feminists. Featuring 40 badass feminists and bonus essays on feminism, this book is a bundle of intersectional feminist awesomeness. Boss Babes: A Coloring and Activity Book by Michelle Volansky (Workman, September 20) A playful and play-filled ode to strong women, BOSS BABES is a coloring and activity book filled with fun facts and whimsical black-and-white line drawings celebrating female powerhouses from Beyonce to Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Dolly Parton to Malala, Tina Fey to Serena Williams. On every page is a portrait to color or an activity to complete: Connect the dots to conjure J.K. Rowling’s patronus. Complete the Beyonce crossword (12-DOWN: Who run the world?). Decorate Flo-Jo’s nails, decode Cher’s most recent tweet, design a new jabot for RBG, color in Frida Kahlo’s flowers, and more! Crafting with Feminism: 25 Girl-Powered Projects to Smash the Patriarchy* by Bonnie Burton (Quirk Books, October 18) This is what a feminist crafter looks like! Wear your ideology on your sleeve by creating feminist merit badges (like “started an all-girl band” or “rocked roller derby”). Prove that the political is personal with DIY power panties (“No means no”). Craft great feminist hero finger puppets (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Frida Kahlo) or googly-eyed tampon buddies. Fun sidebars provide background on (s)heroes of the feminist movement. *Sidebar: While I get the rah rah nature of the phrase girl power, do I ever dislike  that its the subtitle of a book that is perfectly appropriate and appealing and worthwhile for any gender. Feminism is for everybody! Crafting is for everybody! Feminist crafting is for everybody! The Feminist Activity Book by Gemma Correll Looking to smash the patriarchy and get your arts and crafts on? Want to have a laugh while taking down sexist stereotypes? Look no further than Gemma Correll’s Feminist Activity Book, where your dress up doll can wear whatever she wants and the only thing limiting your sexuality is the size of your colored pencil collection. Welcome to the games, coloring projects, and crafts of your egalitarian dreams! The Feminist Activity Book has everything you need to usher in an era of colorful and intersectional joy. Featuring such activities asFeminist All-Star Trading Cards, Destroy the Page-Triarchy, Sexist Social Media Bingo, and A Feminist ABC, The Feminist Activity Book will fuel your feminist rage, remind you to laugh once in awhile, and bring you one step closer to an egalitarian utopia, or whatever. The Get Bullish Feminist Coloring Book curated by Jen Dziura Feminist, fabulous, body-positive and patriarchy smashing, try out the coloring craze with the Get Bullish coloring book. This is a full-sized print coloring book. 25 pages of productivity-inspiring bullish designs (plus the occasional maze and word search) you can color with a glass of prosecco, either by yourself (you go, introverts!) or with your ladyboss friends. Recreate like a bad*ss! Art by Amy E. Casey, Eve Brettell, Tawana Simone, Heather Jane Fleming, Sreejith V., Natasha Haggard, cover by Amy E. Casey. The Ruth Bader Ginsberg Coloring Book by Tom F. OLeary Ruth Bader Ginsburg: octogenarian, United States Supreme Court justice, pop icon, feminist hero, ferocious equal rights champion, jabot-wearing trend-setter, scathing dissent-writer, lousy cook, bad driver, whitewater rafter, opera-loving workout queen. Color your way through these and many other faces of the woman known familiarly as RBG with this quirky collection of original illustrations by noted cartoonist Tom F. OLeary.

Public Awareness and Human Disease - Free Essay Example

Public Awareness and Human Diseases University of Phoenix (Axia) Instructor Lauretta Nester By Crystal Blair July 05, 2010 Everywhere a person looks, and everywhere a person’s eye can see, there are people struggling with being overweight or obese. Every year more and more people are diagnosed as being overweight or obese. For a person to be overweight is very common and most people know someone who is experiencing it or is experiencing being overweight themselves. The lack of knowledge people must have on the severe risks a body undergoes from being overweight or obese is harmful. More people should be educated on the foods they intake and the lack of exercise, and what all the harmful affects it has on the body. Obesity is a serious disease that can easily be avoided. Obesity can be fought by simply eating healthy and staying active. In America today, almost one person out of every three are considered to be obese https://www. mayoclinic. com. This statistic does not include how many people are overweight and heading towards obesity. This disease is one that can target anybody anywhere. Although becoming obese can happen to anyone, it seems to hit the hardest in lower income families. In some cases there is genetic reasoning behind being obese. The main reason, or cause, that a person becomes obese is because the calorie intake consumed is greater than the body would burn on a normal day. The body stores the extra energy that it did not need to use, into fat. To put it in another way, food is energy for our bodies. If a person consumes 3500 Calories in a day and the body only needed to use 2000 calories of energy, it will be turned into fat that is stored in various places of the body. There are so many health risk factors associated with the disease obesity. To name a few risk factors in association with obesity there is high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, sleep apnea, arthritis, and severe depression. A person who is obese is ten times more likely to develop diabetes. High levels of sugar in a diabetic’s blood damages tissues and can also cause liver damage. Cardiovascular trauma is likely in obese individuals. The heart has to work overtime to send blood to all the tissue which can lead to congestive heart failure. High cholesterol can lead to heart disease and hardening of the arteries. Obesity also interferes with breathing and can cause sleep apnea, which is when a person suddenly stops breathing in the middle of the night. Arthritis is caused because the joints are not built to hold so much weight and they break down. Depression is a very common on amongst obese people. They have low self esteems and find it hard to meet new friends and try new things. The risk factors for the disease obesity can absolutely be controlled. The answer is to eat healthy in healthy portions and become more active on a daily basis. A person needs to make themselves get up and go do something active. The couch and the television is an obese person’s worst enemy. It is very easy to sit in front of the television all day, getting no exercise, and simply eating out of boredom. This packs on the pounds, and it happens fast. It can sometimes be very difficult to know how to eat healthy. It does not have to be boring. Eat more fruits and vegetables and less fatty foods like potato chips and cookies. The next simple step is to do something active every day. It could be going for a walk or riding your bike, go for a swim in the pool. There are many activities to choose from so pick one that you like and have fun with it.

What Is The Definition Of Inventory - 902 Words

CE9-1 A) What is the definition of inventory? â€Å"The aggregate of those items of tangible personal property that have any of the following characteristics: †¢ a. Held for sale in the ordinary course of business †¢ b. In process of production for such sale †¢ c. To be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be available for sale. The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified. The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. Raw materials and supplies purchased for production may be used or consumed for the construction of long-term assets or other purposes not related to production, but the fact that inventory items representing a small portion of the total may not be absorbed ultimately in the production process does not require separate classification. By trade practice, operating materials and supplies of certain types of entit ies such as oil producers are usually treated as inventory.† B) What is the definition of market as it relates to inventory? â€Å"As used in the phraseShow MoreRelatedEssay about Accounting Project: Current Ratio883 Words   |  4 Pagescompute the industry average, please do so. What is the name of the business you are reporting on?Hershey Company | A popular analysis technique is a trend analysis (also known as Horizontal Analysis), in which you analyze the change over time of specific financial data. This is shown on page 694 of your textbook. Refer to your income statement, prepare a trend analysis of Sales and of Net Income (or Net Loss) for all the years reported. Also, state what page in your annual report has your incomeRead MoreThroughput Is A Efficient Measure Of Productivity1232 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional definition of throughput as the time it takes for a product to enter the manufacturing process and leave as a finished good. I find Goldratt’s definition to be a more efficient measure of productivity. With the traditional definition of throughput it is merely measuring the time it takes for a product to be produced from start to finish. However, this does not take into account whether or not the finished products are being sold or sitting on a shelf. This is why Goldratt’s definition of throu ghputRead MoreWorking Capital Concept And Definitions Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept and definitions According to, the first formation of the concept of working capital was possibly first established by Karl Marx (Bhattacharya 2006). Working capital was defined as current assets minus current liabilities. In general, this definition is also identified as â€Å"networking capital†. are sometimes Current assets called as gross working capital. The current assets can be divided into four main elements: (1) cash (2) marketable securities (3) accounts receivable and (4) inventory on theRead MoreEssay on Inventory Managment1206 Words   |  5 PagesInventory itself is a list of products that a company has available for sale to customers. So what is Inventory Management? By definition according to BusinessDictionary.com, â€Å"Inventory Management is policies, procedures, and techniques employed in maintaining the optimum number or amount of each inventory item†. There are many other definitions such as â€Å"a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check†Read MoreWhy Adidas And Nike Is The Best Choice For Me1643 Words   |  7 Pagesratios I have chosen for my financial analysis of my companies and explain this different ratios. 1) Which ratio and why? For my financial analysis, I have chosen 5 different ratios to compare Adidas and Nike: ROA (return on assets), current ratio, inventory turnover, PE ratio (price-earnings) and debt-to-equity ratio. I have chosen those 5 ratios because I could be able to investigate every financial side of the different companies. Comparing those ratio will help to choose in which company I shouldRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains1476 Words   |  6 Pages1.3 Supply Chain Supply chains encompass the companies and the business activities needed to design, make, deliver, and use a product or service. Businesses depend on their supply chains to provide them with what they need to survive and thrive. Every business fits into one or more supply chains and has a role to play in each of them. The pace of change and the uncertainty about how markets will evolve has made it increasingly important for companies to be aware of the supply chains they participateRead MoreThe Goal By Eliyahu M. Veldt1180 Words   |  5 Pagessimultaneously increasing cash flow†. The measures, as outlined by Jonah, of this overarching goal were; Throughput, Inventory and Operational Expense. Throughput refers to the rate at which the system generates cash from sales, Inventory is defined as the total money invested in purchasing things intended to sell, whereas Operational Expense is the cost associated with turning inventory into throughput. These measurements as defined in the Goal differ in characteristics from how they traditionally areRead MoreCapital Expenditure And Revenue Expenditure1608 Words   |  7 Pagesadhere to and comply with the rules and regulations set out by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). As such, the report is limited to discussing the various expenditures covered by accounting standards. Furthermore, the report identifies what items can be recorded in accounts as assets in terms with the relevant accounting standards. 2 CAPITAL VS REVENUE EXPENDITURE The distinction between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure is vital for preparers of financial statements as onlyRead MoreIntermediate 1 Research Paper951 Words   |  4 PagesGAAP? The FASC did not change prior GAAP but it instead reorganized previous GAAP into a new structure. This new structure is organized into a new research database that is supposed to be user friendly and make finding certain GAAP easier to use. c. What does the FASB expect from the new FASC structure and system? The FASB has high expectations from the new FASC system including reducing the amount of time and effort that is used to solve an accounting research issue. The FASC also expects the CodificationRead Moreweek 3 db smitheford1158 Words   |  5 Pagesto reduce their inventory cost. But in order to reduce inventory a plan needs to be implemented. Inventory reduction cannot be done in a bubble. There are various variables that will need to be considered when executing this task. For a company the size of Smitheford Pharmaceutical inventory cost can be a large portion of the inventory value on hand. Inventory cost also known as ordering cost or carrying cost can be defined as the cost a company obtain to tore and maintain inventory over a certain

Essay about The Call of the Wild Versus Into the Wild

Chris McCandless and Buck serve as examples of the archetype of the wild through their experiences of leaving where they feel most comfortable and answering the call of the wild. They show that each experience is inimitable because the wild is unique to every individual. For Buck, the wild is a place outside of civilization and his dependence on man, where the external threats of nature exist and he must prove himself as a true animal with instincts for survival. In McCandless case, the place outside of civilization is actually an escape from his fears because the wild for him is in relationships, where the threat of intimacy exists and he must learn to trust others for happiness. This is because for each of us, the wild is what we†¦show more content†¦The feelings shared between them were often based on inexplicable natural impulses, characteristic of the relationship between man and beast. He went wild with happiness when Thornton touched him or spoke to him....the str ength of Bucks gaze would draw John Thorntons head around, and he would return the gaze, without speech, his heart shining out of his eyes as Bucks heart shone out (London 75). The connection that the two share is very important in Bucks transformation because it is the last thing he must surrender to complete his transformation and answer the call of the wild. John Thornton, who is unafraid of the wild, is the last thing Buck has that protects him from the hostile environment where only the strong survive (London 86). After Thornton nurses Buck back to life from his brush with starvation, Buck slowly realizes that he is ready to face the wild, where he would find his true self, not as a pet or a sled dog, and most importantly as an animal without a master. It becomes apparent that, Faithfulness and devotion, things born of fire and roof, were his; yet he retained his wildness and wiliness. He was a thing of the wild, come in from the wild to sit by John Thorntons fire, rather than a dog of soft Southland stamped with the marks of generations of civilization (London 76). Buck used Thorntons love as an escape from the wild, and depended on the comfort Thornton provided as a safeShow MoreRelatedCreation : God Vs. Nature1191 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion the explanation of God for why humans, plants, and animals exist the way they do. The work of Darwin and Wallace introduced the idea of the evolutionary theory, which changed the boundaries between humans and nature by driving people to call into question one of the fundamental ideas of the divine creation myth as written in the Bible: that humans were created by God separately from animals. Darwin and Wallace s theory of evolution broke down this boundary between human exceptionalismRead MoreWhat Are Capuchin Monkeys Are Well Known For Their Brains1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthe wild. From their unique fur colorization, their fur is white from head to shoulders while from the shoulders down there color is black. The locomotion that they use to maneuver swinging from tree to tree is by using all four li mbs and for a short period of time they can walk on two legs. Capuchin monkeys are uniquely different and surprisingly very knowledgeable at what they do in order to be able to maintain their survival based on learned and experimental behaviors. Tool Use among Wild Capuchins:Read MoreJack London : An Oyster Pirate1204 Words   |  5 Pagesshared include: his life, evolution, brutality of society, socialism, and adjustment of man against elemental ways of life (Jack London Themes and Messages) 2. Many of his works were based off experiences London had in his lifetime, such as â€Å"Call of the Wild.† London was a serious believer of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the theory of survival of the fittest can be found in everything he wrote. London was also a follower of Karl Marx and his beliefs; many of these views can be seen inRead MoreEssay about Personal Narrative - My Mother, the Hippie775 Words   |  4 Pagescontact with nature that occurs (i.e., mucking around and seeing alligators in the wild). As my mother lives in Alaska, she has only been to Miami to visit me once since I moved here, and unfortunately it was within the first few months that I lived here, so I was unable to adequately provid e her with answers to her inquiries of the local plant and animal life. But now, even after only one day of class, I feel the need to call my mom and tell her all about the plants and animals I saw, and which are nativeRead MoreThe Wolf: Homo Homini Lupus811 Words   |  3 Pagesaddresses the idea that Europeans may be the savages. He says,† It is no lie to say that these men are indeed savages- by our standards; for either they must be or we must be: there is an amazing gulf between their souls and ours†(239). Montaigne calls the cannibals savages, implying that their practice and society are not comparable to those that he is acquainted with. This quotation helps to exemplify that the perception of a culture as barbaric or animal-like is dependent on the individual’s perspectiveRead MoreEssay on A Study Of Inheritable Traits In Fruit Flies1554 Words   |  7 Pages We collected the data from the crosses and analyzed them in relation to the expected results. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the monohybrid cross in this experiment, we used an F1 generation, which resulted from the mating of a male homozygous wild-type eyed fly with a female homozygous sepia eyed fly. Males and females are distinguished by differences in body shape and size. Males have a darker and rounder abdomen in comparison to females, which are more pointed. Another difference occursRead MoreA Study of Inheritable Traits in Fruit Flies1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe next. We collected the data from the crosses and analyzed them in relation to the expected results. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the monohybrid cross in this experiment, we used an F1 generation, which resulted from the mating of a male homozygous wild-type eyed fly with a female homozygous sepia eyed fly. Males and females are distinguished by differences in body shape and size. Males have a darker and rounder abdomen in comparison to females, which are more pointed. Another difference occursRead MoreWhy Humans Develop Their Psychological Attributes Based On Genetics ( Nature ) Or Their Environment1085 Words   |  5 Pagesferal child was raised by wild animals such as Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron it is inevitable for the child s nurture to be superior to that of its nature(The development of children, 7th edition, Lightfoot, and Cole).Feral children are considered a debate between nature and nurture because the child recovered from the wild, mimics the environment and the characteristics of the wild animal that raised the child while applying the wisdom it gained surviving in the wild, lacking social intelligenceRead MoreResearch Paper On Trading Volume1034 Words   |  5 Pagesmore capitalization and better fundamentals overall (but not always!). The majority of the penny stocks do not trade on the big exchanges. Instead, they trade in what I like to call Wild West of the stock market. The Wild West consists of the bulletin boards (OTCBB) and the pink sheets. While the OTCBB is part of the WIld West, it is a tamer portion. Most people dont realize but the OTCBB is actually owned by the NASDEQ and they do have rules and requirements for listing. Where you get the mostRead More Henrik Ibsen Essay2054 Words   |  9 Pages In the plays Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, and Wild ducks by Henrik Ibsen there are many similar themes, which become evident to the reader. A theme, which is consistant though out these plays, is the opposing values of the Ideal and the Real. The views of the idealist versus the realists make for many duels between the two personalities. The theme of idealism versus realism is also dealt with in the play The Wild Duck. Gregers Werle has avoided his father, whom he detests, by spending fifteen

Advanced English Tense Review (ESL, EFL, TESL, TOEFL)

Its back-to-school time. Before you or your students get down to studying the specifics of various grammar structures, it is a good idea to review the basic English tenses. If you are an advanced student, a review will help remind you of the tenses and also point out any weaknesses or insecurity that you may have. If you are an upper-level student but not yet aware of all the tenses, these exercises will make a good introduction to some of the important structures ahead. For an overview of conjugation in detail of all 12 tenses in English, use the tense tables for reference. Teachers can use theses guides on how to teach tenses for further activities and lesson plans in class The following exercises serve two purposes: Re-familiarization of standard tense names Tense conjugation practice The first exercise is very important as you may not remember exactly the names of the various tenses. This exercise will help you remember the names of the tenses. Once you have finished the first exercise, read the text through one more time to familiarize yourself with it completely. Go on to the next exercise that asks you to conjugate the verbs in the extract. You should be very familiar with the extract so you can concentrate on the correct conjugation. Notice how the tenses relate to each other in time. Remember that many verbs are conjugated based on how they relate to one another. Teachers can use these exercises in class by using the following lesson plan which includes the exercises in a format useful for the classroom. Tense Review Lesson Plan and Materials Here is the original text. Once you have finished, click on the exercise link to begin exercise one. John has always traveled a lot. In fact, he was only two years old when he first flew to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents had met in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while Johns father was reading a book in the library and his mother sat down beside him. Anyway, John travels a lot because his parents also travel a lot. As a matter of fact, John is visiting his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but has been visiting his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he has flown over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. Hes pretty sure that hell be working for them next year as well. His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, hell have traveled over 120,000 miles! His next journey will be to Australia. He really doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he is going to fly from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. Hell have been sitting for over 18 hours by the time he arrives! John was talking with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson Co. had decided to merge with a company in Australia. The two companies had been negotiating for the past month, so it really wasnt much of a surprise. Of course, this means that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow. Follow the links to begin the exercise: Exercise One: Tense Identification Exercise Two: Tense Conjugation

Friedman vs Freeman - 1925 Words

This paper will have a detailed discussion on the shareholder theory of Milton Friedman and the stakeholder theory of Edward Freeman. Friedman argued that â€Å"neo-classical economic theory suggests that the purpose of the organisations is to make profits in their accountability to themselves and their shareholders and that only by doing so can business contribute to wealth for itself and society at large†. On the other hand, the theory of stakeholder suggests that the managers of an organisation do not only have the duty towards the firm’s shareholders; rather towards the individuals and constituencies who contribute to the company’s wealth, capacity and activities. These individuals or constituencies can be the shareholders, employees,†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the model of stakeholder by Edward Freeman has broadly considered as the strongest theory regarding responsibilities of a company towards society where the company is located (Freeman 2008 pp. 162-165). Nevertheless, Friedman pointed out that the profits has taken the firms in to the hand of business intellectuals by which Friedman recommend that the financial system by which the organisation run its business is in the restricted responsibility protection which makes the organisations to privatise their profits (Friedman 1970 pp. 177-184). Friedman also suggested that according to him the shareholder theory in terms of socially responsible can only increase the profit. But on the other hand shareholder theory of Edward Freeman completely support the theory of shareholder towards its role to be socially responsible in the society and maximising the profits for the benefits of shareholders within the firms and society as well (Freeman 2008 pp. 162-165). According to Cosans (2009 pp. 391-399) with the taking of limited liability (restricted responsibility) Friedman must have taken the business in a way to be socially affiliated and well-established as well which also leads and supports the ethical and logical roots of CSR and for the re-establishment of the reliability toShow MoreRelatedFreeman vs. Friedman1866 Words   |  8 PagesFreeman vs. Friedman In their theories of how a business should operate, R. Edward Freeman and Milton Friedman hold virtually opposite beliefs as to what businesses’ responsibilities should be. In favor of the Stakeholder theory, Freeman believes that any person or organization that has a â€Å"stake† in the business should also play a role of participation in the business’s actions and decisions. In the other corner of the ring stands Milton Friedman, who holds the belief that said business is onlyRead MoreEssay on Friedman vs Freeman827 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Stakeholder† theory of management, two different views about the purpose and aims of a business. Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management says that the purpose of a business is to make money for the owner or the stockholders of the business. Friedman says that there is only one social responsibility for the business: to use its resources in order to increase its profits as long as the business stats within the rules that are assigned, as for example to compete in free competition and withoutRead MoreAssignment Sheet : An Assignment Cover Sheet1395 Words   |  6 Pagesanywhere around the world. It’s also known that a virtual setting is more favorable to an office setting. The virtual setting also benefits a company financially as they don’t have to spend money on physical locations and transportation. (Virtual Teams vs Traditional Teams., n.d.) There is also a sense of comfort for the employees as with a virtual setting. the employees are allowed to work from home and get away from the traditional office setting. The virtual setting is overall re warding as it setsRead MoreThe First Level Of The Pyramid1491 Words   |  6 PagesLimitations of the Pyramid Shareholders vs. Stakeholders Approach One of the key objectives of business has been to create profit for shareholders, but as CSR became more widespread it has been supported that companies have responsibility to stakeholders, which lead changes in many companies’ approach to conduct business. The two prevailing approaches are the shareholder and stakeholder approach, which are going to be examined below. Shareholder Approach In 1970 Friedman wrote the much-cited article inRead More Corporate Social Responsibility Essay2477 Words   |  10 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ?good society? (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility2536 Words   |  11 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ‘good society (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreManagerial Stakeholder Theory - Essay2991 Words   |  12 Pagesresponsibilities of the companies (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization.† Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are alsoRead MoreCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pagesshareholder method offers stronger protection for investors and shareholder democracy. [Solommon,2007] http://www.todayscience.org/JBM/article/jbm.v1i1p52.pdf http://leg.u-bourgogne.fr/wp/1041202.pdf http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-shareholders-vs-stakeholders-debate/ Corporate governance theories There are various types of corporate governance theories. For the purpose of this discussion several theories have been reviewed. Agency theory Corporate governance has reviewedRead MoreThe High Demand Of Internet2847 Words   |  12 Pagesby business which focus only on maximizing shareholder wealth. Friedman (1970) strongly argues about maximizing the financial return for shareholder. However stakeholder theory is theory that saying managers have a moral obligation to balance and consider the interests of all stakeholders, the individuals that the actions and results of an organization will being affected by or will give effect to are called as stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). Stakeholder theory actually showing that stakeholders areRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesa person’s life is valuable only inasmuch as it is a source of happiness. / You are not important to a utilitarian, only the happiness you experience is significant. John Locke-Second Treatise of Human Government Locke on Friedman: Locke does not believe Friedman is correct when he states the market is self regulating. / Without government intervention, there will be too much inequality in the market. / We need the government to redistribute the wealth. Natural Rights: Property, life, liberty

A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches Free Essays

Introduction: Progressing further from the literature review, a research methodology is proposed and formulated concentrating on the design, implementation and careful analysis of the data to achieve the main research objective which is to analyse what staff at Asda think of the electronic training and induction which takes place within the company. This would be carefully analysed in further details. Research Philosophy: Saunders et al (2007) defines research philosophy as the manner in which knowledge is being developed and interpreted. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature by Saunders et al (2007) indicates that there are three important variables that must be considered when looking at a research philosophy. These are Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology respectively. Ontology is mainly concerned with the nature of reality; it raises questions on how the world functions and various views that people hold within. Whereas, Epistemology is the way knowledge is demonstrated and how it can be justified. Axiology is a branch of philosophy which studies judgements about value and it stresses upon that what role the researcher’s value play in the research. (Saunders et al 2007). This research is taking place in Asda store in Edinburgh and the philosophical approach it will adopt is Epistemology. Epistemology as defined by Baker and Foy (2008) is the branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of knowledge and mainly concerns at what does and what does not constitute as warranted knowledge. According to Easter-by-Smith et al (2004), adopting a research position is vital in research because of the following reasons. First, it helps to clarify the research design. Second, it identifies which design will work and which will not. Third, it allows the researcher to stay within the research objectives and also indicate some limitations of a particular research approach and last it can help the researcher to introduce his or her personal experiences in the research process. However, there are two philosophical positions that have emerged from within the rank of Epistemology. These are Objectivism and Constructivism. (Saunders et al 2007) Further, Johnson and Clark (2006) argues that the most important issue is not which philosophical space the research occupies but on how well the research is reflected and defence against the alternatives the researcher could have adopted. More so, the theoretical perspective history presents a graphical illustration of the philosophical positions below: Theoretical Perspective: Objectivism as an epistemological stance holds the view that social entity exists in reality and is independent of people’s perceptions. However constructivism is opposite to objectivism. Truth and meaning do not exist in some external world and people construct their own meaning in different ways, even in relation to the same phenomenon. (Remeyi et al 2005) This research will mainly adopt a constructivist approach because it is about looking at people’s views and beliefs. However, there is a very little element of objectivism in the research as to look at past figures and study the previous trends of young and older workers beliefs and views. Therefore, focusing mainly on constructivism thus, making it fairly justifiable for using this constructivist approach. This correlate with the theoretical perspective of interpretivism. Saunders et al (2007) defines interpretivism as an epistemological approach which is necessary for the researcher to understand the difference between the humans in the role as a social actor. This approach is adopted by those who regard the business world as too complex to permit the discovery of definite laws. According to Saunders et al (2007), interpretivism refers to way people make sense of the world around them, which bears different perceptions of the way people judge, think and feel about orga nisational operations. However, proponents of interpretivism are criticised for undermining the general ability of research findings. Reasons for adopting this philosophical approach is that the staff at Asda is going to base and construct their own understanding and knowledge on electronic training and induction which is offered to them therefore they will have their opinions and feelings about it and whether they like it or not. Remeyi et al (2005:104) nicely summarised the underpinning features of objectivism and constructivism in the table below:- ObjectivismConstructivism Basic beliefs:World is externally and objectiveObserver is independentWorld is socially constructed and subjectiveObserver is part of what is been observed Focus on meaning Researchers should:Focus on factsLook for causality and fundamental lawsReduce phenomena to simplest elements Formulate and test hypothesisTry to understand what is happening Look at totality of each situation Preferred methods:Operationalise concepts so they can be measuredTake large samples Use multiple methods to establish different views of phenomenaSmall samples investigated in depth or over time Source:Remeyi et al (2005:104) Research Approach: Inductive and Deductive Research There are two major approaches to a research development namely induction and deduction. Deductive approach is similarly to that of the scientific research. It involves the development of a theory which is subjected to a rigorous test. (Collis and Hussey2003) Deductive approach in a research works from a more general to more specific and conclusions can be drawn from an available theory. (Saunders et al 2007). For instance: Herzberg’s Two Factor theory can be used to identify job satisfaction within a workplace. Inductive approach on the other hand works the other way round moving from much specific to broader generalisation and conclusions are based on the facts identified in the research findings.The purpose of this is to get a feel of what is going on so as to understand something in a much better way. (Saunders et al 2007) Inductive approach will be suitable for this research because the research objectives are context specific, gathering general ideas and views of people and the research will be carried out to get a better understanding of the workplace systems and finally conclusions will be arrived from the research findings. Research Methodology/ Strategy: Case Study According to Remeyi et al (2005) research strategy provides the overall direction of the research and has identified several research strategies namely action research, case studies, forecasting, survey, ethnography, grounded theory and archival research. Robson (2002) defines case study as a strategy for doing research which involves an investigation of a particular existing fact within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. Morris and Wood (1991) states that the case study strategy is of a greater interest if the researcher wishes to gain a rich understanding of the context of the research and the process being enacted. Case study strategy also generates answers to the questions, for this reason the case study strategy is often used in explanatory and exploratory research. For the purpose of this research, the researcher will focus on case study strategy. The use of this strategy will comfortably accommodate better understanding and provide rich picture of the current situation and training systems in place within Asda. Purpose of the Research: Descriptive, Exploratory or Explanatory: The classification of the research purpose most often used in the research methods is among one of the following: exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. However, the research project may have more than one purpose. (Saunders et al 2007) Robson (2002) points out, that the purpose of enquiry within the research can also change over time. Descriptive Study: Robson (2002) states that, the aim of descriptive research is to portray an accurate and exact profile of people, events or situations. Exploratory Study: An exploratory study is very valuable way of finding out what is happening or to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light. It is a very useful if the research is about clarifying and understanding of any problems and there is also a willingness to change direction in exploratory study. (Robson 2002) Explanatory Study: This involves a research which focuses on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationships between variables. (Saunders et al 2007) This research is going to use exploratory study because it involves getting a general understanding of electronic training given to staff in Asda and exploring any problems within the workplace faced by the employees finally willing to make any adjustments according to the needs and requirements of the employees. Qualitative and Quantitative Data: Saunders et al (2007) describe qualitative data as non-numerical data and which has not been quantified. Carter and Litter (2007) hold the view that qualitative research enables the researcher to rely on words rather than using numerical data when carrying out the investigation. The researcher can pose open the questions about the nature of things as they happen in real life rather than putting out to test already established hypothesis. However, on the other hand quantitative data as described by Saunders et al (2007) as numerical data that have been quantified and it is the data that can be measured. Carter and Little (2007) describe quantitative data as data which is based on facts and figures. This research is mainly focused on Qualitative method because it involves describing things for instance getting feelings of staff over induction and training method used in Asda which is the main objective of this research. The qualitative data will be collected from interviews to get a general feeling of things. However, there is also little Quantitative analysis involved within the research because the researcher will gather some numerical data by giving out the questionnaires in order to access the effectiveness of electronic induction and training. Previous figures can also be collected from management for accessing the effectiveness of e-training but the main focus still relies on the qualitative analysis. Quantitative data can be represented by using pie charts, bar charts or reports. Easterby-Smith et al (2004) states that the combination of both methods of research enhances and maximises the quality of the research. Data Collection Methods: This research is based on a realistic philosophical stance based on inductive approach, the research strategy being a case study, the purpose of the research being exploratory using both qualitative and quantitative analysis but mainly emphasising on qualitative analysis. Data collection methods are simply how the information is gathered. There is a wide range of data collection methods available namely: surveys, sampling, questionnaire, observation, interview, focus groups. (Easterby-Smith et al 2004) However for the purpose of this research the researcher is going to use three methods to collect data (questionnaire, semi-structured interview and focus group discussions) for the purpose of triangulation. Questionnaires: A questionnaire is a set of carefully prepared questions designed with the aim of collecting reliable data from selected participants. (Remeyi et al 2005) Oppenheim (1992) defines a questionnaire as a tool for collecting and recording information about a particular issue of interest. It is made up of a list of questions and it should always have a definite purpose which is related to the objectives of the research. Questionnaires are commonly used to gather straightforward information relating to people’s behaviour or to look at basic attitudes and opinions of people relating to a particular issue. The questionnaire can be designed using both open and closed ended questions to get both qualitative and quantitative data. For the purpose of this research, the researcher will distribute the questionnaires to the permanent staff specially focusing on staff that has been to both electronically and classroom based training sessions. Reason for using a questionnaire is that it will enable the researcher to get a clear picture about the effectiveness of e-training. A sample size of about 30 staff will then be chosen. This will include 25 shop floor workers, 2 team leaders, 2 line managers and 1 personal training buddy. The questionnaire will be in the form of both open and closed ended questions to get a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data. The questionnaire is focused to those employees and managers who can share and express their views in interviews and focus group discussions. Further, Cohen et al (2000) states that advantages of a questionnaire is that the feedback is anonymous which encourages openness and honesty and it gives the opportunity to each employee to participate. The use of questionnaires gives the following advantages: it is cost and time efficient in collecting and analysing data. However, questionnaires also possess some sort of difficulty for example open ended questions may require the respondent to give detailed answers which may be a challenge to some respondents whereas, closed ended questions may limit the in-depth enquiry of relevant information. (Easterby-Smith et al 2004) The researcher will carry out a pilot test using five questionnaires to check that the questions are easily understood and that there are no particular problems relating to the length, sensitivity and sequence of questions. One to one Interviews: According to Easterby-Smith et al (2004) one to one interviews can take various forms: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. This requires a face-to-face conversation between the interviewee and the interviewer and the sequence of questions are open ended. This research will adopt a semi-structured interview. Remeyi et al (2005) states that semi-structured interview provides an opportunity to probe complex issues in a relaxed atmosphere. The reason for carrying out the research in a semi-structured interview technique is because it provides quick and rich evidence because the respondent can provide detailed insights of facts. Participants for the semi-structured interview will be selected on the basis that they have gone through both electronic and classroom trainings programmes. The sample for the interview would be five members mainly: 1 personnel manager, 1 departmental manager, 1 line manager and 2 shop floor workers. The interview questions will be drawn out from the literature review however; the researcher may add any relevant questions or drop any issues which may seem inappropriate while conducting the interview. Focus Group Discussions: A focus group discussion is a group of people who have been brought together to discuss a specific topic in depth. According to Saunders et al (2007) focus group discussions involves the use of comprehensively group interaction whereby participants are chosen because they have something to contribute on the topic. A focus group can precede both quantitative and qualitative data. The researcher will use focus group discussions as third method to gather data. Reasons for doing a focus group discussion is because one session of a group discussion produces a large amount of information in a relatively short period of time. The research will involve five participants in the focus group discussion; 1 line manager, 1 team leader, 1 training buddy and 2 shop floor workers and the sessions will last for 25 minutes. Triangulation: According to Wolf (2010:145) ‘’triangulation refers to the combination of different research modes or looking at the same topic from different angles.’’ As stated above, three methods have been adopted for this research. They will better explore the outcome of the e-training process thus enhancing validity. The reason is to provide broader breadth and depth of the research objectives and also offer greater clarity about the gaps in philosophical commitment during data collection and analysis levels. (Cox and Hassard 2005) Validity and Reliability of Research Design: Validity and reliability are very important criteria in evaluating a research. According to Joppe (2000), validity determines whether the research truly measures that which was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. Remeyi et al (2005) refers to validity as representing a good fit between theory and reality, in the same sense that when a description of a process is evaluated; best fit between theory and reality can be traced. The primary reason for considering this is to indicate how the research will be accepted as a piece of academic writing. Since the research will include little bit of quantitative data, statistical validity will be very paramount to ensure consistency and integrity. Also validity of qualitative data will be prompted whether the researcher has gained full access to knowledge and information about the case study. (Remeyi et al 2005) Reliability is that similar observations should be made by researchers on different occasions and the concern is that how replicable the study is. (Remeyi et al 2005)This is achieved by keeping the data which is been collected safely and to enable others to investigate if any doubts arise in the research results. This provides transparency and trust in the philosophy, approach and methods used in collecting and analysing data since they are open for scrutiny. (Remeyi et al 2005). Research Ethics: The researcher will bear in mind the ethical issues; these will be in accordance with research ethics framework presented by the University of Bolton Institutional Repository and also the Economic and Social Research Council: to ensure the design and the research itself will respect honesty and quality standard. Its been guaranteed that the intended used methods shall be clearly understood by the participants and privacy will be respected in terms of when gathering data and anonymity of respondent. Finally, the author will observe the widely cited suggestions given by Remeyi et al (2005) relative to the theft of ideas, choice of sampling, obtaining assistance from others, misrepresentation of work done and lastly to avoid illegal and unlawful conducts with the entities of the organisation being studied. Evaluation of Overall Research Design: The research philosophy, approach, strategy and methods adopted for the research are judged by the researcher as the most suitably fit for the research objectives. However, the researcher is aware of the lapses in the research design and these might cause hindrance in convincing conclusions. The researcher has envisaged the following possible limitations and has outlined backup plans. Firstly, the issues could rise in the inclusion and exclusion of sampling criteria may rise constraints in the research design. For example: age discrimination and ethnicity might be a problem and overall logistic costs and general feasibility of the research design can hinder the collection of sufficient data. Also selected participants maybe unavailable due to being absence, some participants being on sick leave, workers taking pre-booked holidays and most importantly the busy schedule of management may cause disruptions in the research. In addition, the current management within the department might be altered through transfers hence; this might slow down the research process completely. Secondly, the sample of 30 participants may not provide a broader picture of the electronically based training and induction in Asda. Thirdly, errors and non-responsive attitude of the participants might cause problems in the sample representation. Furthermore, by using a case study strategy it makes it difficult to generalise the outcomes of the research since it may not present a wider view of the store or Asda organisation. This can raise questions about the validity and reliability of the research. Also, the time available to carry out the research is limited. This limits the collection of vital information through semi-structured interviews and focus groups discussions which might cause some loop holes in the research process. Accurate and appropriate data collection analysis tools maybe difficult to find sometimes. Again, since the purpose of the research objective seems to be limited and focuses on a more tangible issue such as technology; this might limit participants interest in the research thus can cause setbacks in the research process. Equally important is that access to vital information about the personnel department might cause constraints in the research itself; as stated by Wolf (2010) it is common for researcher to encounter accessibility difficulties during the data collection stages of their research. Finally, the research project is the first independent project carried out by the researcher of such magnitude, although the author has written essays for up to three thousand words but this may cause inaccuracies in the overall research design. The use of questionnaires will target wide sample size, this will ensure appropriate response. Interviews and focus group discussions will enable the researcher to obtain valuable information for limited time since management will be involved. As data analysis and interpretation of data is concerned, the researcher will apply simple co-efficient method by comparing between samples, the higher co-efficient reflecting higher score and vice versa. (Cavusgil and Das 1997) With regards to internal and external validity of the research, the author will ensure causality between the research objectives, literature review and the research design and also ensure that the research design matches with other research patterns. In addition, triangulation has been adopted to provide richness in the data collected. Similarly, the author will follow the recommendations provided by Gilbbert and Ruigrok (2010) to ensure external validity; generality in external setting does not mean that case study should give up generalisability but the key is to distinguish between statistical and analytical generality. With respect to ethical concerns, the research will guarantee transparency through careful documentation and organisation of the research process with relevant materials to be kept secured to facilitate retrieval for any further investigation. Furthermore, the author will ensure for the sample criteria all cultures are respected. Inclusion criteria will follow the provisions of Equality and Discrimination Act 2010. The author will use random sample in order to avoid any representation errors. Also with regards to accessibility, the author will keep closed contact with the management. More so, the author works within the company as a seasonal staff during the holidays and has been working there for three years so this makes it easy for the management and employees with regards to communication flow so the communication gap has been eliminated. The issue of cost especially travelling and other logistics from Bolton to Edinburgh will be handled since Edinburgh is the author’s main UK residency place. In short, the research design coupled with the research objectives and the literature review are fundamental in critically evaluating the process of electronic training and induction in Asda Edinburgh. References Baker, M.A., Foy, A. (2008) Business and Management Research, 2nd Ed, Argyll: Westburn Publishers Carter, S.M., Little, M. (2007) Justifying Knowledge, Justifying Method, Taking Action: Epistemologies, Methodologies and Methods in Qualitative Research, Journal of Qualitative Health Research, vol.17, no.10, pp.1316-132 Cavusgil, S.M., Das, A. (1997) Methodology Issues in Cross-cultural Sourcing Research – a Primer, Marketing Intelligence and Planning Journal, vol.15, no.5, pp.213-220 Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2000) Research Methods in Education, 5th Ed, London: Rouledge Falmer Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2003) Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, 2nd Ed, Basingstoke: Macmillan Cox, J.W., Hassard, J. (2005) Triangulation in Organisational Research: A Representation, Organisation Science Journal, vol.12, pp.109-133 Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Lowe, A. (2004) Management Research: An Introduction, 2nd Ed, London: Sage Publications Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W. (2010) The ‘What’ and ‘How’ of Case Study Rigor: Three Strategies Based on Published Work, Journal of Organisational Research Methods, vol.13, no.4, pp.710-737 Johnson, P., Clark, M. (2006) Business and Management Research Methodologies, Sage Publications Joppe, M. (2000) The Research Process, The Quantitative Report Journal, vol.8, no.4, pp.597-607. Available from: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf[Accessed on 25th April 2011] Morris, T., Wood, S. (1991) ‘’Testing the survey method: continuity and change in British industrial relations’, Work Employment and Society, vol.5, no.2, pp.259-82 Neuman, W.L. (2000) Social Research Methods, 2nd Ed, London: Allyn and Bacon Oppenheim, A.N. (1992) Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, 2nd Ed, London: St. Martins Press Remeyi, D.W., Money, A., Swartz, E. (2005) Doing Research in Business and Management: An Introduction to Process and Method, London: Sage Publications Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research, 2nd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, 4th Ed, Harlow: Pearson Education Wolf, F. (2010) Enlightened Eclecticism or Hazardous HotchpotchMixed Methods and Triangulation, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, vol.4, no.2, pp.144-16 How to cite A Critical Discussion of Research Methods and Approaches, Essays

Electrodynamics of Graphene Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theElectrodynamics of Graphenefor Literature Review. Answer: Introduction Graphene is an isotope of carbon that has been produced in mass quantities only recently. It is considered to be one of the strongest natural materials and has been theorized to exist for almost a few centuries. Recently, some researchers have finally found some reliable methods to produce significant amounts of graphene. Graphene attracts huge amounts of interests from researchers as it exhibits unique properties (Bludov, Peres and Vasilevskiy, 2013). One of these unique properties is evident in the electrodynamic property of graphene in which it reflects electromagnetic radiation. This property of graphene is discussed in this assignment and a literature review has been conducted. Literature Review According to Lambin et al. (2016), the general techniques of electrodynamics can be used for analyzing and calculating the electromagnetic properties of graphene in spite of the fact that graphene has the properties different from any other material. The researchers also published an optimum number of molecular layers in the graphene structure for which, the GHz radiation absorption reaches a peak value. The researchers demonstrated an analytic method using rigorous coupled waves and numerical calculations for finding the amount of GHz radiation absorbed by the PMMA multilayer of a certain quantity of graphene. From their analysis, it has been shown that the absorption process is robust in nature and the defects in the graphene layer structure do not affect the absorption process in any way. However, the defects of the graphene layer do affect the electromagnetic properties of graphene and its behavior towards electromagnetic waves. Figure 1: Effects of Graphene Defects on Its EM Properties (Source: Lambin et al., 2016, pp. 18) In the above figure, the absorbance, reflectance and transmittance of a graphene multilayer has been denoted as A, R and T respectively and the value of N has been used as 6, 7 and 8 against the defect concentration at a frequency of 30 GHz. In the right part shown in the figure, the graphene structure covers multiple atomic planes and a fraction (denoted as f) of the graphene plane surface is covered by a number of separate islands. In their works, Bludov, Peres and Vasilevskiy (2013) mainly emphasized on single layer graphene instead of multiple layer. They considered one flat graphene sheet (single molecular layer) and located them in plane z=0 (such that the x-axis is perpendicular to this sheet. They also cladded the sheet with two semi-infinite dielectric materials having the dielectric permittivity e1 0 and a capping medium where e2 0. Now, they applied a uniform EM field along the y-axis. From this experiment, they found that the field is decomposed into two different waves having different polarization states. Hence, the authors published the results as the p-polarized (TM) waves were along the x and z-axis whereas the s-polarized (TE) waves were along the y-axis. Figure 2: Schematic Representation of p- and s-polarized Waves (Source: Bludov, Peres Vasilevskiy, 2013, pp. 2) The authors also came into conclusion that graphene exhibits significant optical properties under the effect of electromagnetic waves. When the phenomenon of total internal reflection of the electromagnetic waves occurs, the graphene layer absorbs the electromagnetic energy from the s-polarized waves. When the angle of incidence of the wave reaches the critical angle, the absorption also reaches its peak. Xu et al. (2012) based their research on a device named electro-optic modulator. Initially, they used silicon compounds for the device but this endeavor failed as the electro-optic properties of silicon are extremely poor. Then they switched to graphene as it shows significant electro-optic property due to the hexagonal arrangement of the lattice. Moreover, they said that intrinsic graphene material has zero band gap and hence, nano-electric operations can easily be done using this material. Using Kubo formalism and the Maxwell equations, the researchers successfully used graphene as an active medium for modulation of light transmission. They applied certain voltage to the graphene-oxide-silicon waveguide and found that the refractive indices showed significant variations. They used this particular property in order to electrically control the optical modulation in the GOS waveguide but also used different styles of electro-refraction and electro-absorption. According to Chen and Al (2011), graphene shows some unique properties of low-loss surface reactance against terahertz (THz) frequencies and far-infrared electromagnetic radiation. They used this unique property in order to tailor the surface induced by the radiation according to any required parameter. The researchers used the properties of high conductivity and tenability of graphene to produce the effects of scattering cancellation that were even better than the RF mantle cloaks used commonly. According to their research results, graphene consists of a two-dimensional electronic system and a single layer of atomic plane composed of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice form. Hence, the researchers described the graphene layer as a gapless semiconductor without any significant mass and a linear electron hole that has dispersion properties following the Fermi velocity vF = 108 cm/s. The researchers demonstrated some experimental methods by using electr omagnetic waves and numerical calculations for finding the amount of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a single graphene layer. From their analysis, it has been shown that the absorption process is robust in nature and the defects in the graphene layer structure do not affect the absorption process in any way. However, the defects of the graphene layer do affect the electromagnetic properties of graphene and its behavior towards electromagnetic waves. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded graphene has unique properties and further research activities are needed to learn more about these properties. Graphene is considered as one of the hardest natural materials and it now finds use for a large number of purposes. According to the researches, the properties of graphene can be exploited and used in different industries and other similar sectors. Moreover, due to the extreme strength of the graphene material, it is extremely durable and can be used even at high temperatures. This literature review conducted in this assignment reflects the electrodynamic properties of graphene that have been known till now from the limited number of experiments conducted. References Bludov, Y. V., Peres, N. M., Vasilevskiy, M. I. (2013). Unusual reflection of electromagnetic radiation from a stack of graphene layers at oblique incidence.Journal of Optics,15(11), 114004. Chen, P. Y., Al, A. (2011). Atomically thin surface cloak using graphene monolayers.ACS nano,5(7), 5855-5863. Lambin, P., Lobet, M., Batrakov, K., Kuzhir, P. (2016). Electrodynamics of graphene/polymer multilayers in the GHz frequency domain. InFundamental and Applied Nano-Electromagnetics(pp. 45-67). Springer Netherlands. Xu, C., Jin, Y., Yang, L., Yang, J., Jiang, X. (2012). Characteristics of electro-refractive modulating based on Graphene-Oxide-Silicon waveguide.Optics express,20(20), 22398-22405.